Ingenieurwissenschaften und zugeordnete Tätigkeiten
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Structural health monitoring contributes to early damage detection in the built infrastructure. During the last two decades, sensor networks transferred from wired to wireless sensor networks. Several methods exist to measure moisture in building materials. Most of the introduced commercial moisture measurement methods provide information about the local or near surface moisture. A feasibility study is presented to demonstrate, how the Received Signal Strength Indicator (RSSI) of a Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE) signal, transmitted from the BLE-module embedded in building materials, correlate with changing moisture content. The feasibility of this influence was investigated in the presented study. The maximum and minimum RSSI were systematically recorded and analysed.
Particle size gradation is regarded as an effective method for overcoming the contradicting requirements in three-dimensional printing (3DP). In present work, particle size gradation was optimized to obtain both acceptable flowability of the powder material and high-strength 3D-printed glass-ceramic products. The effect of gradation on the printing process, sintering process and performance of the 3D-printed glass-ceramic products was investigated comprehensively. The glass-ceramic powders with three size ranges were mixed in certain proportions and applied to print parts. The result showed parts printed with powder mixed by 60 wt% 45–100 µm and 40 wt% 0–25 µm particles had satisfactory density of 1.60 g/cm³ and bending strength of 13.8 MPa. The flowability decreased with an increasing proportion of fine particles. Part density was determined by the powder bulk density in the powder bed as well as the shrinkage during sintering while strength of part was found to be dependent on the sintering degree.
Nanocomposites of Ag-ZnFe2O4@reduced graphene oxide (rGO) were synthesized using a one-pot microwave-assisted self-assembly method. The morphology and structure of the Ag-ZnFe2O4@rGO nanocomposites were characterized. The nanocomposites formed with 15.2 wt% rGO showed excellent adsorption properties and high photocatalytic activity for the degradation of methylene blue (MB), rhodamine B (RhB), and methyl orange (MO). The synergistic interactions between Ag, ZnFe2O4, and rGO decreased the aggregation of the nanoparticles (NPs) and increased the surface area, resulting in better absorption in both UV and visible light. Such a structure was helpful for separating the photoexcited electron-hole pairs and accelerating electron transfer. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) revealed a smaller resistance in the solid-state interface layer and charge transfer on the composite surface than that of the bare ZnFe2O4 NPs and ZnFe2O4@rGO nanocomposite. The Ag-ZnFe2O4@rGO nanocomposite could be recovered easily by a magnet and reused five times with no significant decrease in photocatalytic activity. The as-prepared Ag-ZnFe2O4@rGO nanocomposite catalyst could be applied to the removal of hard-to-degrade waste materials owing to its high efficiency in both UV and visible light and its excellent reusability.
If fracture mechanics shall be applied to the total lifetime respectively the fatigue limit of components (within the meaning of the S-N curve approach) it has to address four challenges:
(a) It has to adequately describe so-called short crack propagation, which cannot be based on the common long crack concepts for principle reasons. Since the crack size is in the order of the plastic zone size, the modelling of short crack propagation cannot be based on the common linear elastic Delta K concept. Instead, an elastic-plastic parameter such as the cyclic J integral has to be applied. A second point is that the crack closure concept has to be modified in that the crack opening stress is not a constant, crack size- independent parameter but shows a transient behaviour with increasing short crack size.
(b) It has to provide a meaningful definition of the initial crack dimensions as the starting point for an S-N curve relevant (residual) lifetime analysis. This can be based either on the (statistical) size of material defects which can be treated as cracks or by the size of the crack which would arrest subsequent to early crack propagation, whatever is larger.
(c) It has to cope with the problem of multiple cracks for load levels higher than the fatigue limit such as it occurs in many applications in the absence of very large initial defects.
(d) This requires consequent statistical treatment taking into account variations in the local geometry of the area where crack initiation has to be expected as well as the scatter in the initial crack size and in the material data used for the analyses.
The paper provides an overview on the results of a German cluster project on the use of fracture mechanics to the determination of the fatigue strength of weldments with fatigue cracks originating at the weld toes. The approach includes (a) a concept for short crack propagation for which the common ΔK concept is not applicable and the crack closure effects are still being gradually build-up, (b) a method for determining fatigue life relevant initial crack sizes as they are needed in any fracture mechanics analysis and (c) multiple cracking and crack coalescence at load levels higher than the endurance limit. The analyses are stochastically performed. Both, the endurance limit and the finite life branch of the S-N curve are determined.
Besides a brief introduction into the approach, validation examples are presented. These comprise different weldment types (butt welds, cross joints and longitudinal stiffened plates), two steels (S355NL and S960QL) of quite different strengths, different weld geometries due to different welding techniques (WIG, MAG), as-welded and stress relieved welds and different stress ratios varying from R = -1 to R = 0.5.
Rohrsysteme und Behälter aus nichtrostendem Stahl sind mit einer Passivschicht vor Korrosion geschützt. Ist diese jedoch unvollständig ausgebildet oder beschädigt, geht der Schutz verloren. Das KorroPad-Verfahren ist ein Schnelltest zur Überprüfung der Passivschicht. Im Vergleich mit bisher üblichen Bewertungsmethoden ist die Anwendung sehr einfach und nimmt nur 15 Minuten in Anspruch.
Miniaturized pacemakers with a surface consisting of a Ti alloy may have to be removed after several years from their implantation site in the heart and shall, therefore, not be completely overgrown by cells or tissue. A method to avoid this may be to create at the surface by laser-ablation self-organized sharp conical spikes, which provide too little surface for cells (i.e., fibroblasts) to grow on. For this purpose, Ti-alloy substrates were irradiated in the air by 790 nm Ti:sapphire femtosecond laser pulses at fluences above the ablation threshold. The laser irradiation resulted in pronounced microstructure formation with hierarchical surface morphologies. Murine fibroblasts were seeded onto the laser-patterned surface and the coverage by cells was evaluated after 3–21 days of cultivation by means of scanning electron microscopy. Compared to flat surfaces, the cell density on the microstructures was significantly lower, the coverage was incomplete, and the cells had a clearly different morphology. The best results regarding suppression of cell growth were obtained on spike structures which were additionally electrochemically oxidized under acidic conditions. Cell cultivation with additional shear stress could reduce further the number of adherent cells.
Titanium nitride (TiN) was coated on different substrate materials, namely pure titanium (Ti), titanium alloy (Ti6Al4V) and steel (100Cr6), generating 2.5 μm thick TiN layers. Using femtosecond laser pulses (30 fs, 790 nm, 1 kHz pulse repetition rate), large surface areas (5 mm × 5 mm) of laser-induced periodic surface structures (LIPSS) with sub-wavelength periods ranging between 470 nm and 600 nm were generated and characterized by optical microscopy (OM), white light interference microscopy (WLIM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). In tribological tests, coefficients of friction (COF) of the nanostructured surfaces were determined under reciprocating sliding conditions (1 Hz, 1.0 N normal load) against a 10-mm diameter ball of hardened 100Cr6 steel during 1000 cycles using two different lubricants, namely paraffin oil and engine oil. It turned out that the substrate material, the laser fluence and the lubricant are crucial for the tribological performance. However, friction and wear could not be significantly reduced by LIPSS on TiN layers in comparison to unstructured TiN surfaces. Finally, the resulting wear tracks on the nanostructured surfaces were investigated with respect to their morphology (OM, SEM), depth (WLIM) and chemical composition by energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX) and, on one hand, compared with each other, on the other hand, with non-structured TiN surfaces.
The presentation will discuss the difference between EU and US standards for the determination of explosion (flammability) limits and limiting oxygen concentration. Small differences observed in measured values can be traced back to the different test apparatuses and criteria. The discrepancies can be much greater in the case of limiting oxygen concentration because of the high amount of inert gases and the corresponding low laminar burning velocities. The paper describes some examples and the influence of the chosen criteria on the results. The European and US standards use the criteria of flame propagation in open test vessels and of pressure rise in closed ones. The examples discussed show that flame propagation is still possible at very small pressure rise values, as observed much below the pressure rise criterion of usual standards. However, flame propagation in a process plant can cause an accident or explosion and must be avoided. Therefore, the flame propagation criterion is recommended to be used in chemical safety engineering. The European safety database CHEMSAFE contains expertevaluated safety data for cases where the determination method and criteria are known. Flammability characteristics based on the pressure rise criterion may suffice in certain cases, e.g. for explosion protection in closed vessels without any connecting pipes.
Force-distance curves have been acquired with an atomic force microscope on perfluorpolyether films. It is shown that curves acquired on films of different thickness, at different rates and with different dwell times can be overlapped by rescaling the time or distance axis.When the time or distance axis is rescaled,the force depends only on the surface tension of perfluorpolyether and on geometrical properties of thetip (aperture and perimeter of the tip at a given distance from the apex). Hence, curves acquired with thesame tip overlap.
By comparing curves acquired at different rates the dynamics of tip-wetting can be investigated. Fur-thermore, rescaled force-distance curves have been matched with the perimeter of cross sections ofthe tip, i.e. with the perimeter of the three-phase contact line. Such measurements pave the way for anon-destructive investigation of the tip shape.