Ingenieurwissenschaften und zugeordnete Tätigkeiten
Filtern
Dokumenttyp
Schlagworte
- Quantum yield (75)
- Fluorescence (74)
- Nano (60)
- Lifetime (54)
- Dye (48)
- Photophysics (41)
- Quality assurance (41)
- Sensor (38)
- Photoluminescence (37)
- NIR (34)
- Lanthanide (33)
- Nanoparticle (32)
- Particle (32)
- Nanomaterial (30)
- Upconversion (26)
- Method (25)
- Surface chemistry (22)
- Mechanism (20)
- Synthesis (19)
- SWIR (18)
- Upconversion nanoparticle (18)
- Energy transfer (15)
- Quantum dot (15)
- Reference material (15)
- Quantum dots (14)
- Integrating sphere spectroscopy (13)
- Brightness (12)
- Luminescence (11)
- Multiplexing (11)
- Optical spectroscopy (11)
- Quantification (11)
- Quantitative spectroscopy (10)
- Single particle (10)
- Imaging (9)
- Nanoparticles (9)
- Aggregation (8)
- Assay (8)
- Bead (8)
- Electron microscopy (7)
- Flow cytometry (7)
- Polymer (7)
- Semiconductor quantum dot (7)
- Size (7)
- AIS (6)
- Barcoding (6)
- Calibration (6)
- Coating (6)
- Crystal (6)
- Encoding (6)
- Excitation power density (6)
- Life sciences (6)
- Ligand (6)
- Microscopy (6)
- Optical probe (6)
- Surface group analysis (6)
- Uncertainty (6)
- Application (5)
- Bioimaging (5)
- Cell (5)
- IR (5)
- Measurement uncertainty (5)
- Modeling (5)
- Nanocrystal (5)
- Rare earth nanoparticles (5)
- SAXS (5)
- Semiconductor (5)
- Signal enhancement (5)
- Silica (5)
- Single particle spectroscopy (5)
- Stability (5)
- Standard (5)
- Surface (5)
- Surface analysis (5)
- Switch (5)
- Temperature (5)
- Absolute fluorometry (4)
- Aging (4)
- Electrochemistry (4)
- Environment (4)
- Fluorescence standard (4)
- Image segmentation (4)
- InP (4)
- Iron oxide nanoparticles (4)
- PDT (4)
- Probe (4)
- Reference materials (4)
- Spectroscopy (4)
- TEM (4)
- Traceability (4)
- pH (4)
- AIE (3)
- Active fibers (3)
- Advanced Materials (3)
- Aggregation-induced emission (3)
- Antibody (3)
- BODIPY (3)
- Certification (3)
- Cleavable probe (3)
- Cr(III) (3)
- Cytotoxicity (3)
- Enhancement (3)
- Extracellular vesicles (EV) (3)
- Flourescence (3)
- Fluoride (3)
- Gold nanocluster (3)
- ICP-OES (3)
- In vivo imaging (3)
- Indium phosphide (3)
- Label (3)
- Limit of detection (3)
- Linearity (3)
- Method development (3)
- Modelling (3)
- Nano particle (3)
- Optical assay (3)
- Optical assays (3)
- Particle Synthesis (3)
- Polarity (3)
- Quantitative NMR (3)
- Ratiometric sensors (3)
- Reference data (3)
- Reference product (3)
- Reporter (3)
- Safe-by-Design (3)
- Sensitization (3)
- Sensors (3)
- Solid state emission (3)
- Surface group quantification (3)
- Upconversion nanoparticles (3)
- Upconverting nanoparticles (3)
- XPS (3)
- Yb(III) complex (3)
- pH probe (3)
- pH sensing (3)
- 150th anniversary (2)
- ABC (2)
- Absolute fluorescence (2)
- Absolute fluorescence quantum yield (2)
- Advanced nanomaterials (2)
- Aggregation induced emission (2)
- Amorphous silica particles (2)
- Analysis (2)
- Analytical sciences (2)
- Automated image analysis (2)
- Automatisation (2)
- BAM (2)
- Bead-based assay (2)
- Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung (2)
- Cancer (2)
- Carbon dot (2)
- Cathodoluminescence (2)
- Cell studies (2)
- Characterization (2)
- Collection (2)
- Conjugate (2)
- Contrast agent (2)
- Convolutional neural networks (2)
- Copolymer (2)
- Core-shell nanoparticles (2)
- Deactivation pathways (2)
- EMPIR 18HLT01 MetVesII (2)
- Engineered Nanomaterials (2)
- Enhancement strategy (2)
- Excitation (2)
- Exciton diffusion (2)
- FLIM (2)
- FRET (2)
- Flow cytometry (FCM) (2)
- Fluorescence decay kinetics (2)
- Fluorescent particles (2)
- Funtional Groups (2)
- Gold (2)
- Instrument calibration (2)
- Interlaboratory comparison (2)
- Iron oxide (2)
- Jahrestag (2)
- Ligands (2)
- Llifetime (2)
- Magic-sized cluster (2)
- Mass spectrometry (2)
- Material sciences (2)
- Metal cluster (2)
- Method comparison (2)
- Method validation (2)
- Microparticle (2)
- Monitoring (2)
- Monomer (2)
- NIR-II (2)
- NMR (2)
- Nano- and microsensors (2)
- Nanomaterialien (2)
- Nanosafety (2)
- Nanosensor (2)
- Nanotoxicity (2)
- Neural networks (2)
- Optical Spectroscopy (2)
- Particle size (2)
- Particle surface analysis (2)
- Particle synthesis (2)
- Performance validation (2)
- Perovskite (2)
- Photoluminescence quantum yield (2)
- Photonic crystal (2)
- Pollutant (2)
- Polymer particle (2)
- Power density (2)
- Protein (2)
- Quantitative Analysis (2)
- Quantum Yield (2)
- Quantum yields (2)
- Quenching (2)
- Reliability (2)
- Safety (2)
- Semiconductor nanocrystal (2)
- Semiconductor nanocrystals (2)
- Sensing (2)
- Sensor molecules (2)
- Shape (2)
- Shell (2)
- Silica and Polystyrene Particles (2)
- Silica and polystyrene nanoparticles (2)
- Simulation (2)
- Singlet oxygen (2)
- Special issue (2)
- Standardization (2)
- Surface Group Analysis (2)
- Sythesis (2)
- Ternary quantum dots (2)
- Titration (2)
- Triplet-triplet annihilation (2)
- Upconversion nanocrystal (2)
- ZnSe (2)
- fluorescence (2)
- 18HLT01 MetVes II (1)
- 2D materials (1)
- A4F (1)
- AIS QD (1)
- ASAXS (1)
- Ab initio calculation (1)
- Absolute (1)
- Absolute measurement (1)
- Absorption (1)
- Advanced material (1)
- Advanced materials (1)
- Ag2S (1)
- Amplification (1)
- Analytical services (1)
- Antibody conjuagtes (1)
- Antibody conjugates (1)
- Aqueous quantum dot (1)
- Artificial Intelligence (1)
- Artificial intelligence (1)
- Artificial weathering (1)
- Au nanodisks (1)
- Au nanoparticles (1)
- Automated Image Analysis (1)
- Automated assay (1)
- Automated synthesis (1)
- Automation (1)
- Aza-BODIPY (1)
- Bacteria (1)
- Bacterial lipopolysaccharides (1)
- Bioconjugate (1)
- Biofilm (1)
- Biomimicry (1)
- Biosensing (1)
- Boron Neutron Capture Therapy (BNCT) (1)
- Brownsche Molekularbewegung (1)
- Bundesoberbehörden (1)
- C-dot (1)
- COSMO (1)
- CRP (1)
- CUINS2 nanocrystals (1)
- Calibrated fluorescence measurements (1)
- Capillary electrophoresis (1)
- Carboxyl group (1)
- Catalogue of services (1)
- Catch and release assay (1)
- Cement (1)
- Cement hydration (1)
- Certified reference material (1)
- Charge transfer (1)
- Chromium (III) complexes (1)
- Cleavable linker (1)
- Cleavable probes (1)
- Cluster (1)
- Colloidal semiconductor nanocrystals (1)
- Color (1)
- Color tuning (1)
- Comparison (1)
- Complex (1)
- Conductometry (1)
- Conductor-like screening model (1)
- Converter material (1)
- Core shell structure (1)
- Core/shell materials (1)
- Core/shell particle (1)
- Core/shell quantum dot (1)
- Corrosion (1)
- Cr(III) complex (1)
- Crosslinking (1)
- Cubical shape (1)
- Cyanine (1)
- DNA (1)
- DNA origami (1)
- DPA (1)
- Decay kinetics (1)
- Defect photoluminescence (1)
- Degradation (1)
- Design of experiment (1)
- Dipole moment (1)
- Dodecanethiol (1)
- Doping (1)
- Dual sensing (1)
- Dyad molecules (1)
- Dye labeling (1)
- Dyes (1)
- EC4SafeNano (1)
- EMPIR project (1)
- Editorial (1)
- Electrochemical Titration (1)
- Electrochemical titration (1)
- Electron Microscopy (1)
- Emission enhancement (1)
- Engineered nanomaterials (1)
- Er(III) (1)
- European Centre (1)
- Extracellualr vesicles (1)
- FTIR (1)
- Field sensor (1)
- Fluoranthene (1)
- Fluorescence intensity ratio (1)
- Fluorescence lifetime (1)
- Fluorescence microscopy (1)
- Fluorescence quantum yield (1)
- Fluorescence spectroscopy (1)
- Fluorescent dye (1)
- Fluorescent glasses (1)
- Fluorescent indicator (1)
- Fluorescent label (1)
- Fluorescent probe (1)
- Fluorophore (1)
- Forschungsstrategie (1)
- Fully aromatic frameworks (1)
- Functional group analysis (1)
- Functional group quantification (1)
- Functionalized Nanomaterials (1)
- Functionalized nano- and microparticles (1)
- Functionalized silica and polymeric particles (1)
- Gallium doping (1)
- Gold nanoclusters (1)
- Green synthesis (1)
- Heory (1)
- High-resolution transmission electron microscopy (1)
- Homogeneity (1)
- Hydration (1)
- IR spectroscopy; conductometry (1)
- Image Segmentation (1)
- Imaging techniques (1)
- Immunoassay (1)
- Infrastructure (1)
- Integrating sphere spectroscopy, (1)
- Interlabority comparison (1)
- K+ doped (1)
- LT-FCM (1)
- Lanthanide-doped nayf-4 (1)
- Lanthanides (1)
- Lead-free (1)
- Legionella (1)
- LiYF4 (1)
- Lichtstreuung (1)
- Lifetime analysis (1)
- Ligand exchange (1)
- Ligand quantification (1)
- Light harvesting (1)
- Luminescence lifetime measurments (1)
- Luorescence (1)
- MIC (1)
- MOF (1)
- MS (1)
- Magnetic (1)
- Medicine (1)
- Merocyanine (1)
- Metal (1)
- Metal-organic frameworks (1)
- Metasurface (1)
- Methos comparision (1)
- Microfluidics (1)
- Microorganism (1)
- Microparticles (1)
- Mie resonances (1)
- Moisture (1)
- Multicolored (1)
- Multifunctional efficiency (1)
- NIR dyes (1)
- NIR-II Imaging (1)
- NIR-II fluorescence (1)
- NIRII (1)
- Nanaoparticle (1)
- Nano CRM (1)
- Nano-safety (1)
- Nanocrystals (1)
- Nanomaterial design (1)
- Nanomaterials (1)
- Nanomedicine (1)
- Nanoparticle characterization (1)
- Nanopartikel (1)
- Nanoplatelet (1)
- Nanoplattform (1)
- Nanosafety (Safe-by-design) (1)
- Nanoscale luminescent reporters (1)
- Nanosensors (1)
- Nanotechnologie (1)
- Nd excitation (1)
- Near infrared (1)
- Near-infrared light (1)
- Neuartige Materialien (1)
- Neural Networks (1)
- Nicht lineare Prozesse (1)
- Nile Red (1)
- Nnano particle (1)
- Non lienear processes (1)
- Non-thermally coupled levels (1)
- One-pot synthesis (1)
- Optical Assays (1)
- Optical detection (1)
- Optical probes (1)
- Optical properties (1)
- Optical spectroscopie (1)
- Optical temperature sensing (1)
- Organic–inorganic nanostructures (1)
- Origami (1)
- Ovarian cancer (1)
- Oxygen (1)
- Oxygen sensing (1)
- Oxygen sensitive (1)
- PEG (1)
- PEG ligands (1)
- PH (1)
- PH probe (1)
- Particle architecture (1)
- Particle sensors (1)
- Particle, imaging (1)
- Partikelgrößenbestimmung (1)
- Partikelkonzentration (1)
- Passivation shell (1)
- Pd(II) (1)
- Perovskites (1)
- Ph (1)
- Phosphinine (1)
- Phosphor (1)
- Photocatalytic activity (1)
- Photon bunching (1)
- Photophysic (1)
- Photosensitizer (1)
- Photostability (1)
- Polymer particles (1)
- Polymers (1)
- Polystyrene microparticles (1)
- Polyurethane (1)
- Porosity (1)
- Porphyrin (1)
- Power density dependence (1)
- Pphotophysics (1)
- Production (1)
- Pseudomonas aeruginosa (1)
- Pt(II) (1)
- QNMR (1)
- Qantum yield (1)
- Quality assurcance (1)
- Quantenausbeute (1)
- Quantum Dot-Rod (1)
- Quantum Yields (1)
- Quantum chemistry (1)
- Quantum do (1)
- Quantum dot-rod (1)
- Quantum rod (1)
- Quinones (1)
- Ratiometric (1)
- Ratiometric Sensors (1)
- Ratiometric sensing (1)
- Redox (1)
- Reference methods (1)
- Reference nanomaterials (1)
- Reference nanoparticles (1)
- Reference particles (1)
- Reflection spectroscopy (1)
- Release (1)
- Reliable characterization (1)
- Renewable energy (1)
- Reproducibility (1)
- Reverse microemulsion (1)
- Risk assessment (1)
- Rreference material (1)
- SWIR photoluminescence (1)
- Saccharide sensing (1)
- Safer by design (1)
- Scattering (1)
- Self-assembly (1)
- Semiconductur (1)
- Shortwave infrared (1)
- Silanization (1)
- Silica Nanoparticles (1)
- Silica coating (1)
- Silica- and Polystyrene Particles (1)
- Silica- and polystyrene particles (1)
- Silicon nanoparticles (1)
- Silver indium sulfide (1)
- Single emitter (1)
- Single enhancement (1)
- Single molecule (1)
- Single-dot spectroscopy (1)
- Size and size distribution (1)
- Small angle x-ray scattering (1)
- Small-angle scattering (1)
- Solar cell (1)
- Solar cells (1)
- Solar concentrator (1)
- Solar energy (1)
- Solid (1)
- Spectroscopy / Instrumentation (1)
- Spectroscopy / Theory (1)
- SrF2 (1)
- Standardisierung (1)
- Standards (1)
- Stepwise growth (1)
- Surface Chemistry (1)
- Surface Modification (1)
- Surface coating (1)
- Surface functional group quantification (1)
- Surface group (1)
- Surface groups (1)
- Surface ligand (1)
- Surface modification (1)
- Surface modified nano- and microparticles (1)
- Sustainable-by-Design (1)
- Suzuki-Miyaura coupling (1)
- Swell-capture (1)
- TMDCs (1)
- Tag (1)
- Terminal functional groups (1)
- Theory (1)
- Theranostics (1)
- Therapy (1)
- Thermal coupling energy level (1)
- Thermally coupled levels (1)
- Thick shells (1)
- Thickness (1)
- Thiols (1)
- Time-gated emission (1)
- Time-resolved flow cytometry (1)
- Toxicity (1)
- Transition metal dichalcogenide (1)
- Transmission electron microscopy (1)
- Triggered (1)
- UV Vis (1)
- UpConversion (1)
- Upconverion (1)
- Upconversion luminescence (1)
- Upconverstion (1)
- VAMAS (1)
- X-ray (1)
- X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (1)
- X-ray microspectroscopy (1)
- X-ray spectroscopy (1)
- aggregation-induced dual emission (AIDE) (1)
- anion-exchange (1)
- antibody (1)
- bacteria (1)
- bacteria detection (1)
- bioimaging (1)
- calibration (1)
- dye (1)
- flow cytometry (1)
- fluorescence microscopy (1)
- fluorescence standards (1)
- immunoseparation (1)
- lifetime (1)
- magnetic nanoparticle (1)
- method (1)
- nanoparticle (1)
- organic dyes (1)
- particle (1)
- photoluminescence (1)
- photophysics (1)
- quality assurcance (1)
- quantum dot (1)
- quantum yield (1)
- screening tes (1)
- surface group analysis (1)
- synthesis (1)
Organisationseinheit der BAM
- 1.2 Biophotonik (212) (entfernen)
Paper des Monats
- ja (7)
Eingeladener Vortrag
- nein (62)
- UCNPs were succesfully synthesized and characterized
- Various stages of UCNP growth were tracked using different
analytical methods including real time in-situ & time-resolved
luminescence spectroscopy, SAXS and TEM measurements
- Additional size determination will be performed using inductively
coupled plasma - mass spectrometry (ICP-MS)
DNA origami nanostructures provide a platform where dye molecules can be arranged with nanoscale accuracy allowing to assemble multiple fluorophores without dye–dye aggregation. Aiming to develop a bright and sensitive ratiometric sensor system, we systematically studied the optical properties of nanoarrays of dyes built on DNA origami platforms using a DNA template that provides a high versatility of label choice at minimum cost. The dyes are arranged at distances, at which they efficiently interact by Förster resonance energy transfer (FRET). To optimize array brightness, the FRET efficiencies between the donor fluorescein (FAM) and the acceptor cyanine 3 were determined for different sizes of the array and for different arrangements of the dye molecules within the array. By utilizing nanoarrays providing optimum FRET efficiency and brightness, we subsequently designed a ratiometric pH nanosensor using coumarin 343 as a pH-inert FRET donor and FAM as a pH-responsive acceptor. Our results indicate that the sensitivity of a ratiometric sensor can be improved simply by arranging the dyes into a well-defined array. The dyes used here can be easily replaced by other analyte-responsive dyes, demonstrating the huge potential of DNA nanotechnology for light harvesting, signal enhancement, and sensing schemes in life sciences.
Tris(3,5-dimethylpyrazolyl)arsane (1) is introduced as a low-cost and convenient to handle arsenic precursor for the straight Forward synthesis of InAs Quantum dots (QDs). Transamination of 1 with the solvent oleylamine (OLAH) gives trioleylarsane (As(OLA)3) which in the presence of the reducing agents diisobutylaluminum hydride (DIBAL-H) or trioleylphosphane (P(OLA)3) yields InAs QDs via a typical hot injection approach. The size of the obtained InAs core QDs are tuned by varying the reaction time, the amount of the applied reducing agent, or even more effectively by changing the Indium and/or zinc halide precursors, InX3, and ZnX2 (Cl, Br, or I). Passivation of the resulting InAs particles with a
protective ZnS or ZnSe shell results in improved photoluminescence of the core/shell QDs covering a spectral range between 600 and 1150 nm.
An increasing number of (bio)analytical techniques rely on multiparametric analyses and the measurement of a very small number of emitters. While the former implies encoding or labeling by means of easily distinguishable properties like luminescence color or lifetime in conjunction with high-throughput optical-spectroscopic methods such as flow cytometry, the latter requires methods suitable for the characterization of the optical properties of single emitters. Here, we present the use of fluorescence correlation spectroscopy (FCS) for the relative determination of the key parameter photoluminescence quantum yield [5] and first results from flow cytometry measurements in the time-domain with a custom-designed instrument with luminescence lifetime analysis capability.
Absolute upconversion quantum yields of blue-emitting LiYF4:Yb3+,Tm3+ upconverting nanoparticles
(2018)
The upconversion quantum yield (QY) is an essential parameter for the characterization of the optical performance of lanthanoid-doped upconverting nanoparticles (UCNPs). Despite its nonlinear dependence on excitation power density, it is typically reported only as a single number. Here, we present the first measurement of absolute upconversion quantum yields of the individual emission bands of blue light-emitting LiYF4:Yb3+,Tm3+ UCNPs in toluene. Reporting the quantum yields for the individual emission bands is required for assessing the usability of UCNPs in various applications that require upconverted light of different wavelengths, such as bioimaging, photocatalysis and phototherapy.
Here, the reliability of the QY measurements is demonstrated by studying the same batch of UCNPs in three different research groups. The results show that whereas the total upconversion quantum yield of these UCNPs is quite high - typically 0.02 at a power density of 5 W/cm2 — most of the upconverted photon flux is emitted in the 794 nm upconversion band, while the blue emission band at 480 nm is very weak, with a much lower quantum yield of 6 times 10^5 at 5 W/cm2. Overall, although the total upconversion quantum yield of LiYF4:Yb3+,Tm3+ UCNPs seems satisfying, notably for NIR bioimaging, blue-light demanding phototherapy applications will require better-performing UCNPs with higher blue light
upconversion quantum yields.
Lanthanide-based upconversion nanoparticles (UCNPs) like hexagonal Beta-NaYF4 UCNPs doped with Yb3+ and Er3+, which efficiently convert 976 nm light to ultraviolet, visible, and near infrared photons, offer new strategies for luminescence-based sensing, barcoding, and imaging. The properties of their upconversion (UC) luminescence (UCL) are, however, strongly influenced by particle size, the concentration and spatial arrangement of the dopant ions, surface chemistry including presence and thickness of surface passivation and shielding shells, microenvironment/presence of quenchers with high energy vibrations, and excitation power density (P). We present here a comprehensive study of the influence of UCNP size and particle architecture for Yb3+ and Er3+ co-doped NaYF4 core-only and core-shell nanostructures in the size range of about 5 nm to 50 nm, which underlines the importance of particle synthesis, surface chemistry, and quantitative luminescence measurements for mechanistic insights and the determination of application-relevant matrix- and P-dependent optimum dopand concentrations.
The increasing interest in molecular and nanoscale emitters with photoluminescence > 800 nm and recently also > 1000 nm for bioanalysis, medical diagnostics, bioimaging, and safety Barcodes requires quantitative spectroscopic studies, which are, however still challenging in this long wavelength region. This is of special relevance for nanocrystalline emitters like semiconductor quantum dots and rods as well as lanthanide-based upconversion and downconversion nanocrystals, where surface states and the accessibility of emissive states by quenchers largely control accomplishable photoluminescence quantum yields and hence, signal sizes and detection sensitivities from the reporter side. Moreover, nonlinear emitters like lanthanide-based upconversion nanocrystals require also power density-dependent studies of their luminescence spectra, quantum yields, and decay kinetics. Here, we present suitable absolute methods and underline the impact of such measurements on a profound mechanistic understanding of the nonradiative deactivation pathways in semiconductor and upconversion nanocrystals of different chemical composition and particle architecture.
Optical spectroscopy – Techniques, instrumentation, and typical molecular and nanoscale reporters
(2018)
Different types of optical spectroscopies are introduced with special emphasis on method-inherent limitations and reliable instrument calibration and performance validation. In addition, different classes of molecular and nanocrystalline emitters are presented and the underlying photophysical processes are briefly described.
Nanomaterials are used in many different applications in the material and life sciences. Examples are optical reporters, barcodes, and nanosensors, magnetic and optical contrast agents, and catalysts. Due to their small size and large surface area, there are also concerns about their interaction with and uptake by biological systems. This has initiated an ever increasing number of cyctoxicity studies of nanomaterials of different chemical composition and surface chemistry, but until now, the toxicological results presented by different research groups often do not address or differ regarding a potential genotoxicity of these nanomaterials. This underlines the need for a standardized test procedure to detect genotoxicity.1,2
Aiming at the development of fast, easy to use, and automatable microscopic methods for the determination of the genotoxicity of different types of nanoparticles, we assess the potential of the fluorometric γH2AX assay for this purpose. This assay, which can be run on an automated microscopic detection system, relies on the determination of DNA double strand breaks as a sign for genotoxicity.3 Here, we present first results obtained with broadly used nanomaterials like CdSe/CdS and InP/ZnS quantum dots as well as iron oxide, gold, and polymer particles of different surface chemistry with previously tested colloidal stability. These studies will be also used to establish nanomaterials as positive and negative genotoxicity controls or standards for assay performance validation for users of this fluorometric genotoxicity assay. In the future, after proper validation, this microscopic platform technology will be expanded to other typical toxicity assays.
References. (1) Landsiedel, R.; Kapp, M. D.; Schulz, M.; Wiench, K.; Oesch, F., Reviews in Mutation Research 2009, 681, 241-258. (2) Henriksen-Lacey, M.; Carregal-Romero, S.; Liz-Marzán, L. M., Bioconjugate Chem. 2016, 28, 212-221. (3) Willitzki, A.; Lorenz, S.; Hiemann, R.; Guttek, K.; Goihl, A.; Hartig, R.; Conrad, K.; Feist, E.; Sack, U.; Schierack, P., Cytometry Part A 2013, 83, 1017-1026.
Mandatory for the comparison of different emitter classes and the rational design of the next generation of molecular and nanoscale reporters are reliable and quantitative photoluminescence measurements. This is of special relevance for all fluorescence applications in the life and material sciences. In the following, procedures for the determination of this spectroscopic key parameter are presented including pitfalls and achievable uncertainties and material-specific effects related to certain emitter classes are addressed.