Wissenschaftliche Artikel der BAM
Filtern
Erscheinungsjahr
- 2016 (75) (entfernen)
Dokumenttyp
Sprache
- Englisch (75)
Referierte Publikation
- ja (75) (entfernen)
Schlagworte
- Mechanochemistry (5)
- Nanoparticles (5)
- Additive manufacturing (3)
- In situ (3)
- Metal phosphonate (3)
- NEXAFS (3)
- XRD (3)
- AFM (2)
- DNA origami (2)
- Fluorescence (2)
- MOF (2)
- Mass spectrometry (2)
- Mechanical properties (2)
- Microscopy (2)
- Nanoparticle (2)
- Phase transformation (2)
- Raman spectroscopy (2)
- SAXS (2)
- SERS (2)
- Simulation (2)
- Single particle ICP-MS (2)
- Synthesis (2)
- XPS (2)
- in situ (2)
- mass spectrometry (2)
- 17α-ethinylestradiol (EE2) (1)
- 2-D Welding Simulation (1)
- 3D printing (1)
- Activation energy (1)
- Ag nanoparticles (1)
- Amino acid analysis (1)
- Analysis technique (1)
- Antibody labeling (1)
- Antikörper (1)
- Aqueous solution (1)
- Arzneistoffe (1)
- Assay (1)
- Atomic weight (1)
- Auswaschung (1)
- BLDC (1)
- Biocidal products (1)
- Bioerosion (1)
- Biofilm (1)
- Biofouling (1)
- Biological structure (1)
- Biozidprodukte (1)
- Caenorhabdtis elegans (1)
- Carbon arc-air gouging (1)
- Carbon dots (1)
- Carbonate substrate (1)
- Catalysis (1)
- Cell (1)
- Cellular internalization (1)
- Cellular solids (1)
- Central Asia (1)
- Certified reference materials (1)
- Characterisation techniques (1)
- Characterization and analytical techniques (1)
- Cocrystal (1)
- Column percolation (1)
- Compact NMR (1)
- Computed tomography (1)
- Contaminated soils (1)
- Copolymer sequence (1)
- Corrosion (1)
- Corrosion investigations (1)
- Corrosion resistance (1)
- DFT spectrum simulations (1)
- DNA origami nanostructures (1)
- Debye-Waller factor (1)
- Decline (1)
- DySEM (1)
- Dynamical theory (1)
- EDX (1)
- EXAFS (1)
- Ectoine (1)
- Elastic behavior (1)
- Electromagnetic Force (1)
- Electron backscatter diffraction (1)
- Emerging Pollutants (1)
- Emerging infectious disease (1)
- Encapsulation process (1)
- Endocrine disruption (1)
- Epoxy (1)
- Escherichia coli (1)
- FEFF (1)
- FIB patterning (1)
- FRET (1)
- Factor analysis (1)
- Farben (1)
- Ferromagnetic steel (1)
- Fertilizer (1)
- Fiber Bragg grating (1)
- Fiber Bragg gratings (1)
- Fiber characterization (1)
- Fiber optics sensors (1)
- Field test (1)
- Finit Element Method (1)
- Freilandtest (1)
- Functionalization of fullerenes (1)
- G quadruplex (1)
- GMAW (1)
- Gel-type electrolytes (1)
- Gleeble experiments (1)
- Gold (1)
- Heat treatment (1)
- High-Strength Steel (1)
- High-power Laserbeam Welding (1)
- High-resolution (1)
- High-strength low-alloy steel (1)
- Hydrolysis (1)
- Image analysis (1)
- Imaging technique (1)
- Inconel 718 (1)
- Industrie 4.0 (1)
- Infrared spectroscopy (1)
- Inherent Strain (1)
- Innovation (1)
- Interpass temperature (1)
- Ionic liquids (1)
- Isotope dilution analysis (1)
- Isotope mixture (1)
- Kinematic theory (1)
- Kinetics (1)
- Knowledge spillovers (1)
- LA-ICP-MS (1)
- LA-ICP-MS based immunoassays (1)
- LCA (1)
- LTT (1)
- Langmuir isotherm (1)
- Laser ablation ICP-MS (1)
- Laser beam welding (1)
- Laser metal deposition (1)
- Leaching (1)
- Leaching test (1)
- Ligand analysis (1)
- Lipid Nanodiscs (1)
- MALDI-TOF MS (1)
- MALDI-TOF MS/MS (1)
- MDFEM (1)
- Magnesium (1)
- Magnetic field (1)
- Magnetic nanoparticles (1)
- Magnetostriction (1)
- Maintenance (1)
- Market access (1)
- Martensitic stainless steels (1)
- Matrix influence (1)
- Metal nanoparticles (1)
- Metrology (1)
- Micro-Raman imaging (1)
- Microstrain distribution (1)
- Microstructured fibers (1)
- Microwave (1)
- Milling (1)
- Modal analysis (1)
- Monoklonal (1)
- Motor control (1)
- Multi-attribute decision method (1)
- Multi-criteria decision support (1)
- Mössbauer (1)
- Nano particles (1)
- Nanocomposite (1)
- Nanomaterial classification (1)
- Nanometrology (1)
- Nanotoxicology (1)
- Neurons (1)
- Number-weighted median size (1)
- Online NMR spectroscopy (1)
- Optical incremental encoder (1)
- Organic osmolytes (1)
- PMSM (1)
- PV module (1)
- Paints (1)
- Particle size analysis (1)
- Peptides (1)
- Pesticide parathion-methyl (1)
- Pharmaceuticals (1)
- Pharmazeutika (1)
- Phenylalanine (1)
- Photoligation (1)
- Photonic wire (1)
- Photoswitchable rotaxane (1)
- Pigments (1)
- Plasticity-based Analysis (1)
- Pollinator (1)
- Polycrystalline thin films (1)
- Polymer (1)
- Polymer encapsulant (1)
- Polymers (1)
- Polysarcosine (1)
- Process control (1)
- Protein analysis (1)
- Protein coating (1)
- Proteomics (1)
- Prozessanalytik (1)
- Purity (1)
- Quantification (1)
- Quantitative NMR-Spektroskopie (1)
- Quantum dots (1)
- Quantum yield (1)
- R&D (1)
- REACH regulation (1)
- Raman (1)
- Raman microscopy (1)
- Reaction Stress (1)
- Reaction monitoring (1)
- Reference material (1)
- Regulation (1)
- Repair and overhaul (1)
- Repair welding (1)
- SEM (1)
- Samples (1)
- Scanning electron microscope (1)
- Schadstoffe (1)
- Self assembly (1)
- Servo drive (1)
- Sewage sludge (1)
- Sex reversal (1)
- Silicon nanowire (1)
- Silk Road (1)
- Silver nanoparticles (1)
- Slippage of weakly linked layers (1)
- Small-angle X-ray scattering (1)
- Small-angle x-ray scattering (1)
- Solar cell (1)
- Stability Design (1)
- Standardization (1)
- Strain (1)
- Strategic alliances (1)
- Structured cantilever (1)
- Subaerial and subaquatic biofilm (1)
- Super martensitic filler material (1)
- Surface-enhanced Raman scattering (1)
- Synchrotron radiation (1)
- T-SEM (1)
- Textil (1)
- Textile (1)
- Thermo physical simulation (1)
- Thermomechanical Fatigue (TMF); High Cycle Fatigue (HCF); Cast iron; Fatigue assessment (1)
- Thick-walled steel (1)
- Tiered (1)
- Titanium alloy (1)
- Titanium dioxide (1)
- Transformation induced plasticity (TRIP) (1)
- Tryptophan (1)
- Tyrosine (1)
- Vacuum (1)
- Virulence (1)
- Wall paintings (1)
- Waste-water (1)
- Water structure (1)
- Weld pool support (1)
- Weld residual stress (1)
- Welding (1)
- Welding costs (1)
- Welding process selection (1)
- Welding residual stress (1)
- X-Ray Diffraction (1)
- X-ray computed tomography (1)
- X-ray diffraction (1)
- X-ray microdiffraction (1)
- X-ray tomography (1)
- XAFS (1)
- XANES X-ray absorption near edge structure spectroscopy (1)
- Young’s modulus (1)
- Zinc coatings (1)
- Zinc ferrite (1)
- absolute measurements (1)
- atomic force microscopy (1)
- atomic weight (1)
- carbon black (1)
- cocrystal (1)
- cross-reactivity (1)
- distributed sensor (1)
- failure prevention (1)
- fiber optic sensor (1)
- glass fibre paper (1)
- gold nanoparticles (1)
- graphene (1)
- hydrate (1)
- immunoassay (1)
- irreproducibility (1)
- isotope reference material (1)
- ligand binding assay (1)
- mXRF Micro-X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy (1)
- magnesium (1)
- magnetic saturation (1)
- mechanochemistry (1)
- monoclonal antibody (1)
- multilayer graphene (1)
- nanocomposites (1)
- neutron diffraction (1)
- non-specific binding (1)
- paper retraction (1)
- peer reviewimmunochemistry (1)
- polyionic liquids (1)
- progressive hepatolenticular degeneration (1)
- proton conductors (1)
- pyrazinamide (1)
- quality control (1)
- railway embankment (1)
- replication (1)
- reproducibility crisis (1)
- reversible addition fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) polymerization (1)
- rubber (1)
- selectivity (1)
- sensing (1)
- silver nanoparticles (1)
- single molecule spectroscopy (1)
- smart geotextile (1)
- spray (1)
- surface enhanced Raman scattering (1)
- surface modification (1)
- x-ray diffraction (1)
Titanium dioxide (TiO₂) nanoparticles (NPs) are one of the main sources of the nanoparticulate matter to which humans are directly exposed and several studies have demonstrated their potential toxic effects. The in vivo detailed spatial distribution of TiO₂ NPs is investigated herein for the first time, using a 2D chemical imaging analysis based on confocal Raman spectroscopy. The invertebrate nematode C. elegans was employed as a prototypical model of living organisms. Rod, bipyramidal and quasispherical engineered TiO₂ NPs with different primary particle sizes and agglomeration states were prepared, characterized and then administered to nematodes. Exploiting the typical fingerprint of TiO₂ in the Raman spectrum, we monitored the biodistribution of NPs inside the worm using a non-invasive, label-free method. The high spatial resolution chemical imaging and the specificity of the Raman technique in the localization of TiO₂ NPs helped in the design of behavioral C. elegans studies aimed at elucidating the relationship among the size, shape, and agglomeration state of NPs and their ability to induce specific toxic effects. Rod-shaped NPs were the most toxic, greatly impairing pharyngeal function, reproduction and larval growth; this indicates that the rod shape, more than the bipyramidal and spherical shapes, enables NPs to interact with biological systems. These findings indicate that this Raman-nematode combined approach represents a step forward in the field of detection of NPs in living organisms, and being rapid and inexpensive enough, it can be applied as the first screening for the ability of NPs to biodistribute and exert toxicological properties in vivo.
Maintenance and renewal costs of a typical railway, track and substructure represents 50–60% of the total costs of such infrastructure over its entire service life. Innovations in track and substructure are therefore fundamental to achieve a significant
impact on the overall cost reduction for the railways. Therefore new solutions for track improvements that are effective and that can minimize the interruption of traffic are needed. Moreover, failures of railway embankments happened recently in different regions of the world. Such events, such as the one happened in UK in February 2013 (http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-south-yorkshire-21441070), are showing the importance of monitoring track and infrastructure coupled with the use of numerical models for the localization of the critical areas and the design of appropriate countermeasures. Indeed embankment failures, landslides and uneven settlements and similar events are becoming much more common than in the past due to climate changes, and this requires the infrastructure managers to look from a different perspective infrastructure maintenance issues. What was previously consider as “extreme” is now “common” and thus actions need to be taken to be ready when such events will happen. The aim is to mitigate their effects on the infrastructure and to minimize disruptions to train services and reduce maintenance costs to restore the normal service conditions. If this mental change happens, then the need for solutions and techniques for global asset monitoring and ground stabilization will probably increase. Among the others, geotextiles and geogrids for soil reinforcement used in combination with condition monitoring techniques have the potential for minimizing catastrophic events, whilst at the same time providing a good balance among costs and benefits (i.e. sustainability).
The paper describe a case study where the use of multifunctional geotextiles, able to provide both strengthening and monitoring functions, has been tested along a railroad near the city of Chemnitz (Germany). The results are here reported to show the potential use and the innovative aspect of this solution.
The maximum magnetisation (saturation magnetisation) obtainable for iron oxide nanoparticles can be increased by doping the nanocrystals with non-magnetic elements such as zinc. Herein, we closely study how only slightly different synthesis approaches towards such doped nanoparticles strongly influence the resulting sub-nano/atomic structure. We compare two co-precipitation approaches, where we only vary the base (NaOH versus NH3), and a thermal decomposition route. These methods are the most commonly applied ones for synthesising doped iron oxide nanoparticles. The measurable magnetisation change upon zinc doping is about the same for all systems. However, the sub-nano structure, which we studied with Mössbauer and X-ray absorption near edge spectroscopy, differs tremendously. We found evidence that a much more complex picture has to be drawn regarding what happens upon Zn doping compared to what textbooks tell us about the mechanism. Our work demonstrates that it is crucial to study the obtained structures very precisely when “playing” with the atomic order in iron oxide nanocrystals.
Biofilm formation on materials leads to high costs in industrial processes, as well as in medical applications. This fact has stimulated interest in the development of new materials with improved surfaces to reduce bacterial colonization. Standardized tests relying on statistical evidence are indispensable to evaluate the quality and safety of these new materials. We describe here a flow chamber system for biofilm cultivation under controlled conditions with a total capacity for testing up to 32 samples in parallel. In order to quantify the surface colonization, bacterial cells were DAPI (4‘,6-diamidino-2-phenylindole)-stained and examined with epifluorescence microscopy. More than 100 images of each sample were automatically taken and the surface coverage was estimated using the free open source software g’mic, followed by a precise statistical evaluation. Overview images of all gathered pictures were generated to dissect the colonization characteristics of the selected model organism Escherichia coli W3310 on different materials (glass and implant steel). With our approach, differences in bacterial colonization on different materials can be quantified in a statistically validated manner. This reliable test procedure will support the design of improved materials for medical, industrial, and environmental (subaquatic or subaerial) applications.
The paper describes an experimental investigation of high power laser beam welding with an electromagnetic weld pool support for up to 20 mm thick plates made of duplex steel (AISI 2205) and mild steel (S235JR). The results of the welding tests show a successful application of this technology at ferromagnetic metals. Irregular sagging was suppressed successfully. An ac-power of less than 2 kW at oscillation frequencies between 800 Hz and 1.7 kHz is necessary for a full compasation of the hydrostatic pressure. Thus, it was demonstrated that the electromagnetic weld pool support is not only limited to non-ferromagnetic metals like austenitic steels. For future studies with duplex steel, the use of filler material has to take into account with regard to the balance of the mixed austenitic and ferritic phases.
A high-performance fiber Bragg grating-based (FBG) sensor device has been developed for the detection of small magnetic fields. Based on a smart multilayer jacket around the fibre over the physical length of the FBG, magnetic fields generated by rotating machine parts, power generators or power cable can be easily detected, analysed and evaluated. Consequently, this innovative, on-line and non-contact inspection method results in an increase in quality and reliability of high-performing machine parts, devices and cables. The basic physical principle is based on a magnetostrictive multilayer system that strains the high-resolution FBG element in presence of magnetic fields. Subsequently, a fixed relationship between induced magnetic field and wavelength change of the FBG element describes the characteristic sensitivity curve. Intensive tests regarding characterisation of this magnetic field FBG sensor have been carried out and its performance has been evaluated.
Maintenance, repair and overhaul of components are of increasing interest for parts of high complexity and expensive manufacturing costs. In this paper a production process for laser metal deposition is presented, and used to repair a gas turbine burner of Inconel 718. Different parameters for defined track geometries were determined to attain a near net shape deposition with consistent build-up rate for changing wall thicknesses over the manufacturing process. Spot diameter, powder feed rate, welding velocity and laser power were changed as main parameters for a different track size. An optimal overlap rate for a constant layer height was used to calculate the best track size for a fitting layer width similar to the part dimension. Deviations in width and height over the whole build-up process were detected and customized build-up strategies for the 3D sequences were designed. The results show the possibility of a near net shape repair by using different track geometries with laser metal deposition.
Mechanochemical reactions often result in 100% yields of single products, making purifying procedures obsolete. Mechanochemistry is also a sustainable and eco-friendly method. The ever increasing interest in this method is contrasted by a lack in mechanistic understanding of the mechanochemical reactivity and selectivity. Recent in situ investigations provided direct insight into formation pathways. However, the currently available theories do not predict temperature T as an influential factor. Here, we report the first determination of an apparent activation energy for a mechanochemical reaction. In a temperaturedependent in situ study the cocrystallisation of ibuprofen and nicotinamide was investigated as a model system. These experiments provide a pivotal step towards a comprehensive understanding of milling reaction mechanisms.
High-power laser beam welding became new stimuli within the last 10 years due to the availability of a new generation of high brightness multi kilowatt solid state lasers. In the welding research new approaches have been developed to establish reliable and praxis oriented welding processes meeting the demands of modern industrial applications during this time. The paper focuses on some of the current scientific and technological aspects in this research field like hybrid laser arc welding, simulation techniques, utilization of electromagnetic fields or reduced pressure environment for laser beam welding processes, which contributed to the further development of this technology or will play a crucial role in its further industrial implementation.
The properties of the encapsulant are critical to the long-term performance of photovoltaic (PV) modules under the influence of sunlight including UV, elevated temperature, humidity and diffusion of oxygen. Encapsulation process represents a bout 40% of the whole PV module cost. The introduction of new non-EVA encapsulant material type "Low-Cost, High-Performance" should provide a solution to outdoor yellowing degradation problems. The emerging encapsulant materials exhibit a good compatibility with emerging PV solar cells for long term durability. This new generation of encapsulant materials has the advantage to improve e the PV module performances and long term durability for specific climate like desert regions. This scientific contribution presents an overview of the different encapsulant materials currently on the market, the general requirements of the emerging encapsulant materials and characterizations techniques for degradation, diagnostic and reliability lifetime estimation in the framework of Algerian renewable energy strategy.
The crystal structures and syntheses of four different copper(II) phenylphosphonates, the monophenylphosphonates α-, β-, and γ-Cu(O3PC6H5)·H2O (α-CuPhPmH (1) β-CuPhPmH (2) and γ-CuPhPmH (3)), and the diphosphonate Cu(HO3PC6H5)2·H2O (CuPhP2mH (4)), are presented. The compounds were synthesized from solution at room temperature, at elevated temperature, under hydrothermal conditions, and mechanochemical conditions. The structures of α-CuPhPmH (1) and CuPhP2mH (4) were solved from powder X-ray diffraction data. The structure of β-CuPhPmH (2) was solved by single crystal X-ray analysis. The structures were validated by extended X-ray absorption fine structure (EXAFS) and DTA analyses. Disorder of the crystal structure was elucidated by electron diffraction. The relationship between the compounds and their reaction pathways were investigated by in situ synchrotron measurements.
A novel photoswitchable rotaxane was synthesised and its switching behaviour in solution was analysed with NMR and UV-Vis. A monolayer of rotaxanes was deposited on glass surfaces and the on-surface photoswitching was investigated. Angle-resolved NEXAFS spectra revealed a preferential orientation that reversibly changes upon switching.
In this work, fullerene has been functionalized with cyanuric Chloride at room temperature by a nitrene mediated [2 + 1] cycloaddition reaction. The adduct after functionalization is inherently in the form of azafulleroid and shows broad UV absorption in the wavelength range of 200–800 nm, as well as photothermal conversion and fluorescence with a high quantum yield.
Today’s efforts for lightweight design result in a growing application of high-strength structural steels from 960 MPa. In welded structures of these steels increased demands regarding component safety and a high elastic ratio should be considered. Hence, the prevention of an evolution of high weld-induced tensile residual stresses is required. Recent studies showed that component related restraint conditions of welds are able to elevate welding induced stresses to critical values, depending on material characteristics, the welding process and parameters. This work involves multi-axial welding loads as a consequence of the superposition of local residual stresses, global reaction stresses and moments, varying the welding parameters under different restraint conditions. The global welding loads are measured via GMA-weld tests in a special testing facility and via a DIC(Digital Image Correlation)-system in a slot weld. Local transverse residual stresses were analysed by means of X-ray diffraction. The application of a less amount of weld runs due to a modified welding parameters and welds seam configurations revealed as a beneficial approach to reduce welding loads in high-strength steels.
The current paper presents residual stress analyses of large scale LTT (Low Transformation Temperature) welds. LTT filler materials are specially designed for residual stress engineering by means of an adjusted martensite phase transformation. Controlling the level of mostly detrimental residual stresses already during the welding process would be highly attractive as time and cost consuming post processing may be prevented. In large scale welds the residual stress state is influenced by the heat control (e.g. interpass temperature) during welding. Therefore, welding residual stresses are studied here putting the focus on the influence of welding process parameters while joining heavy steel sections with a thickness of 25 mm. The residual stress state was determined at the top surface using X-ray diffraction as well as in the bulk by neutron diffraction. The results show that control of the interpass temperature is vital for the residual stresses present in the joints. This accounts for the top surface but is most pronounced for the bulk of the welds. While high interpass temperatures are appropriate to induce compressive residual stresses in the weld metal, low interpass temperatures favor unwanted tensile residual stresses instead.
A liver biopsy specimen from a Wilson’s disease (WD) patient was analyzed by means of micro-X-ray fluorescence (mXRF) spectroscopy to determine the elemental distribution. First, bench-top mXRF was utilized for a coarse scan of the sample under laboratory conditions. The resulting distribution maps of copper and iron enabled the determination of a region of interest (ROI) for further analysis. In order to obtain more detailed elemental information, this ROI was analyzed by synchrotron radiation (SR)-based mXRF with a beam size of 4 mm offering a resolution at the cellular level. Distribution maps of additional elements to copper and iron like zinc and manganese were obtained due to a higher sensitivity of SR-mXRF. In addition to this, X-ray absorption near edge structure spectroscopy (XANES) was performed to identify the oxidation states of copper in WD. This speciation analysis indicated a mixture of copper(I) and copper(II) within the WD liver tissue.
Microstrain distributions were acquired in functional thin films by high-resolution X-ray microdiffraction measurements, using polycrystalline CuInSe2 thin films as a model system. This technique not only provides spatial resolutions at the submicrometre scale but also allows for analysis of thin films buried within a complete solar-cell stack. The microstrain values within individual CuInSe2 grains were determined to be of the order of 10^-4. These values confirmed corresponding microstrain distribution maps obtained on the same CuInSe2 layer by electron backscatter diffraction and Raman microspectroscopy.
Limitations are encountered regarding the electrolyte when studying atmospheric corrosion reactions on materials that form protective layers on their surface or tend to passivate. For example, the reconstruction of a thin wet film, as well as the interpretation of electrochemical measurements in so-called bulk solutions (a "mass" of electrolyte), often proves to be difficult in view of corrosion behavior under atmospheric conditions. A new approach to this problem in corrosion research includes the use of gel-type electrolytes as an alternative to bulk electrolytes. Gel-type electrolytes form a thin wet film on the surface of the material, whereby the naturally formed protective layer is affected similar to atmospheric conditions and can be examined in an almost non-destructive way. Through electrochemical instrumentation specific values such as polarization resistances and corrosion currents can be determined providing information on kinetics of surface layer formation and stability of surface layers formed under the influence of a thin wet film. Thus, new test methods can be developed that supply a better understanding of corrosion processes in specific atmospheres.
In this article different zinc coatings and aluminium alloys were investigated, their naturally formed protective layers were electrochemically characterized and corrosion relevant values were determined by using a gel pad based on polysaccharide. Corrosion relevant values allowed the differentiation of various coating systems and could describe the current protective effect provided by the coating. It is shown that gel-type electrolytes influence protective layers and coatings considerably less than corresponding bulk electrolytes and that an atmospheric wet film is approached by these test conditions. From the results it is evident that gel-type electrolytes represent a viable and promising field in corrosion research.
Immuno imaging by the use of Laser Ablation Inductively Coupled Mass Spectrometry (LA-ICP-MS) is a growing research field in life sciences such as biology and biomedicine. Various element labeling strategies for antibodies have been developed for the application of multiplex immunoassays analyzed by the use of LA-ICP-MS. High multiplexing capabilities, a wide linear dynamic range and the possibility of absolute quantification are the main advantages of ICP-MS. But in the context of immuno imaging by the use of LA-ICP-MS, quantification of analytes is limited due to non-controllable antibody labeling chemistry. In the presented proof-of-principle a novel antibody labeling technique has been investigated which results in a controlled labeling degree. A small affinity protein based on the C2 domain of protein G was modified with conventional metal coded tags (MeCAT) after introducing a cysteine into the C-terminus of the protein. The modified C2 domain photo-crosslinks to the Fc or Fab region of the IgG and allows specific and covalent labeling of antibodies for multiplex immunoassay analysis by the use of LA-ICP-MS. In combination with a house-made calibration membrane the amount of labeled antibody–antigen complexes in a multiplex western blot immunoassay was determined by LA-ICP-MS.