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Paper des Monats
- ja (68)
Ergopeptides, like ergocornine and a-ergocryptine, exist in an S- and in an R-configuration. Kinetic experiments imply that certain configurations are preferred depending on the solvent. The experimental methods are explained in this article. Furthermore, computational methods are used to understand this configurational preference. Standard quantum chemical methods can predict the favored configurations by using minimum energy calculations on the potential energy landscape. However, the explicit role of the solvent is not revealed by this type of methods. In order to better understand its influence, classical mechanical molecular simulations are applied. It appears from our research that 'folding' the ergopeptide molecules into an intermediate state (between the S- and the R-configuration) is mechanically hindered for the preferred configurations.
Innovative X-ray backscatter technique for security applications: Detection of dangerous materials
(2014)
Radiological inspections, in general, are NDT&E methods to detect the bulk of explosives without invasion into the object of analysis. In contrast to personal luggage, cargo or structural components constitute a complexity that may significantly hamper the detection of a threat by conventional transmission radiography. A novel approach of interrogating a large object to a certain depth only with a single sided access will be presented. It consists of an X-ray backscatter camera with a special twisted slit collimator for imaging backscattered objects. The new X-ray backscatter camera is not only imaging the objects due to their densities but also by taking into account the influences of surrounding objects. Additionally, it does not only image illuminated features but also depicts shadows from absorbing materials. This is a unique characteristic of the developed X-ray backscatter camera. Experimental mock-ups are conducted imitating container with threats among a complex packing as they may be encountered in reality. At the end, the significant advantages of the presented X-ray backscatter camera in the context of aviation and port security will be discussed.
Using ultrafast X-ray diffraction, we study the coherent picosecond lattice dynamics of photoexcited thin films in the two limiting cases, where the photoinduced stress profile decays on a length scale larger and smaller than the film thickness. We solve a unifying analytical model of the strain propagation for acoustic impedance-matched opaque films on a semi-infinite transparent substrate, showing that the lattice dynamics essentially depend on two parameters: One for the spatial profile and one for the amplitude of the strain. We illustrate the results by comparison with high-quality ultrafast X-ray diffraction data of SrRuO3 films on SrTiO3 substrates.
Safe industrial operation is expected by the public. It contributes to a clean environment, innovation and prosperity. BAM the Federal German Institute for Materials Research and Testing has its responsibility in further developing safety in technology and chemistry by research, testing and expert advice. The basic reasoning for this activity and examples of current work are provided. Particular attention is given to the unique BAM Test site Technical Safety. Acceptance of fi ndings and transfer of results are based on collaboration and exchange of personal. Modes of cooperation are described.
Quantitative determination of acidic surface sites is highly important for the characterization of solid acids because the activity of a catalyst is often related to the concentration of these sites. A recently developed method using 15N Nuclear Magnetic Resonance spectroscopy (NMR) for the quantification of acidic Lewis and Brønsted sites has been tested for a series of nanoscopic aluminum hydroxide fluorides. Comparison with other methods for the quantitative determination of acidic sites shows that this 15N NMR quantification method is a promising technique for the comprehensive investigation of acidic sites. Three different acidic sites, one Brønsted and two Lewis sites, can be distinguished by their 15N chemical shifts of pyridine and simultaneously quantified under conditions corresponding to catalytic reaction conditions. Determination of the individual concentrations of acidic sites allows further insight into the catalytic process. It was found that the concentration of Brønsted sites correlates with catalyzed conversion of citronellal to isopulegol in the investigated series of catalysts. Additionally, investigations indicate that one of the Lewis sites become blocked during the reaction of citronellal.
Time reversal techniques are used in ocean acoustics, medical imaging and non-destructive evaluation to backpropagate recorded signals to the source of origin. We demonstrate experimentally a technique which improves the temporal focus achieved at the source location. The experiment consists of propagating a signal from a transducer within a concrete block to a single receiver on the surface, and then applying time reversal or deconvolution to focus the energy back at the source location. The results show that we are able to generate a focus in time at the correct location. The proposed method is simple and proven to be robust. Additionally, its costs are negligible due to deconvolution being a preprocessing step to the recorded data. The technique can be applied for detailed investigation of the source mechanisms (e. g. cracks) but also for monitoring purposes.
Ultraschallverfahren haben sich im Bauwesen in den letzten Jahren immer mehr in der Praxis etabliert. Echomessungen zur Geometriebestimmung sind Stand der Technik. In der Wissenschaft gibt es zahlreiche Ideen, die Messmethodik und die Auswertung weiter zu verbessern sowie den Einsatzbereich zu erweitern. Erste eingebettete Ultraschallsysteme zum Langzeitmonitoring sind installiert, Mehrkanalgeräte ermöglichen immer größere Aperturen und Eindringtiefen, verbesserte Abbildungsverfahren zeigen immer mehr Details. Zusätzlich lassen sich Verfahren aus der Geophysik adaptieren, die weiteren Fortschritt versprechen. Die Seismische Interferometrie dient klassisch dazu, Materialeigenschaften des Erduntergrundes mittels seismischer Wellen zu bestimmen. Derzeitige Anwendungsbereiche sind die Verbesserung seismischer Abbildungsverfahren, Interpolation seismischer Spuren (A-Scans), Bestimmung von Quellparametern oder die Eliminierung unerwünschter Signale in passiven und aktiven Experimenten, hauptsächlich durch Kreuzkorrelation und Bestimmung Greenscher Funktionen. Diese Techniken können auch auf Ultraschalldaten, die an Betonkonstruktionen erfasst wurden, angewendet werden. Moderne Abbildungsverfahren benötigen eine möglichst hohe A-Scan-Dichte und eine genaue Kenntnis des Quellsignals. Beides ist nicht unbedingt gegeben, z. B. wegen der physischen Größe der Sensoren und wechselnder Ankopplungsbedingungen. In simulierten und realen Experimenten wurden interferometrische Methoden zur Lösung dieser Aufgabenstellungen evaluiert. Es zeigt sich, dass fehlende A-Scans kinematisch korrekt interpoliert werden können, wenn ausreichend viele Sender- und Empfängerpositionen genutzt wurden. Amplituden und Signalform sind verändert, können aber durch adaptive Filterung angepasst werden. Die Quellsignalform kann mit hoher Genauigkeit rekonstruiert werden. Die Ergebnisse können potentiell zu einer Verbesserung der Abbildung des Inneren der untersuchten Objekte genutzt werden.
The EU FP7 NanoDefine project was launched in November 2013 and will run until October 2017. The Project is dedicated to support the implementation of the EU Recommendation on the Definition of Nanomaterial
by the provision of the required analytical tools and respective guidance. Main goal is to develop a novel
tiered approach consisting of (i) rapid and cost-efficient screening methods and (ii) confirmatory measurement
methods. The "NanoDefiner" eTool will guide potential end-users, such as concerned industries and regulatory bodies as well as enforcement and contract laboratories, to reliably classify if a material is nano or not. To achieve this objective, a comprehensive inter-laboratory evaluation of the performance of current
characterisation techniques, instruments and software is performed. Instruments, software and methods are
further developed. Their capacity to reliably measure the size of particulates in the size range 1-100 nm and
above (according to the EU definition) is validated. Technical reports on project results are published to
reach out to relevant stakeholders, such as policy makers, regulators, industries and the wider scientific community, to present and discuss our goals and results, to ensure a continuous exchange of views,
needs and experiences obtained from different fields of expertise and application, and to finally integrate the resulting feedback into our ongoing work on the size-related classification of nanomaterials.
The objective of the report is to present the state-of-the art of non-destructive testing methods and technologies for the inspection of thick, heavily-reinforced structures, (e.g. found in nuclear power plants). Wall thicknesses can be in excess of one meter and the structures often have increased steel reinforcement density. The accessibility for any testing method may be limited due to the presence of liners and other components such as cast-in-place items. Testing methods have to provide solutions for tasks such as locating failure (inclusions, corrosion, voids, delaminations) in the structures or the assessment of the condition of the structure in general.
In this work an air-based sensor network for the localization of persons at extensive areas is presented. The developed network consists of a localization device which the person is wearing (BodyGuard-System), a mobile relay station in the air, and a base station. All three parts communicate with the same radio chip. The BodyGuard-System is an inertial navigation system which was developed for localization in difficult environments with high accuracy and low measurement uncertainty. To increase the range of the system, a multi-hop network was built up. The measured data of the BodyGuard-System and the mobile relay station is visualized on a PC in the base station. This multi-hop network is necessary for example for fire department missions.
Starch is one of the most common and easily obtained natural polymers, making it attractive as a potential bio-based alternative to synthetic polymers. This study shows that a simple quaternary ammonium salt combined with urea or glycols forms effective modifiers that produce flexible plastics with good mechanical properties that are comparable to some polyolefin plastics. The processing conditions are shown to significantly affect the structure of the polymer which has a concomitant effect upon the mechanical and physical properties of the resulting plastic. Using a glycerol based modifier results in a totally sustainable and biodegradable material which can be injection moulded.
The observation of morphological details down to the nanometer range of the outer surface of micro-, submicro- and nanoparticles in a high-resolution scanning electron microscope (SEM) was extended with in-depth observation by enabling the transmission mode in the SEM, i.e. TSEM. The micro- and nanocapsules characterized in this study were fabricated as depots for protective agents to be embedded in innovative self-healing coatings. By combining the two imaging modes (upper and in-depth observation) complementing each other a better characterisation by a more comprehensive interpretation of the 'consistency' of the challenging specimens, e.g. including details 'hidden' beyond the surface or the real specimen shape at all, has been attained. Furthermore, the preparation of the quasi electron transparent samples onto thin supporting foils enables also elemental imaging by energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX) with high spatial resolution. Valuable information on the elemental distribution in individual micro-, submicro- and even nanocapsules completes the '3D' high resolution morphological characterization at the same multimodal SEM/TSEM/EDX system.
Ein Großteil der Schäden im Baubereich ist auf feuchteinduzierte Prozesse zurückzuführen. Der Erhaltungsaufwand allein im Hochbau wurde bereits vor einiger Zeit auf jährlich ca. 35 Mrd. Euro geschätzt.
Aus diesem Grund hat die Feuchtemessung in der Bauwerksdiagnose eine sehr hohe Bedeutung - und im Idealfall sollte sie natürlich alles können: schnell sein, wiederholbar und zerstörungsfrei anwendbar.
Zwar gibt es eine Vielzahl an verfügbaren Feuchtemesstechniken, oft fällt es Anwendern aber schwer, einzuschätzen welches die richtige Prüfmethode für ihr Problem ist. Genormt sind nur direkte und zerstörende Verfahren, die zwar teils hochgenau, aber doch nur stichprobenartig Aussagen liefern können.
Die anderen, zerstörungsfreien Methoden basieren auf der Änderung feuchteabhängiger physikalischer Materialeigenschaften. Ihre Grundlagen, sowie Vor- und Nachteile werden hier näher dargestellt.
The determination of the fatigue life in technical alloys containing large and small defects must rely on a propagation model which accounts for short and long crack growth. Recently an analytical model which incorporates propagation in the short crack regime and plastic correction for the crack driving force has been presented by two of the authors.
This work is intended to show further validation of the model, taking into account data sets for different materials with different testing conditions.
Despite the assumptions about missing parameters, the value of which had to be taken from the literature, the predictions showed a fairly good approximation of the fatigue lives. A possible interpretation of the results in terms of multiple crack initiation and propagation at higher loads is proposed.
At BAM a multi-sensor robot system BetoScan is used for the investigation of reinforced concrete floors affected by corrosion in parking garages.
Potential maps, as well as the distribution of concrete cover and moisture can be assessed simultaneously and data can be collected contactlessly. In order to evaluate the extent of degradation adequately and to divide the investigated structure into zones with defined damage classes, large data sets have to be collected and interpreted manually. Thus, to promote an efficient data evaluation framework, which could speed up and simplify the evaluation of large data sets, an unsupervised data fusion is of major interest. However, taking into account that collected data do not certainly coincide in space, a scattered data interpolation method should be applied prior data fusion.
In the paper, a case study involving a BetoScan data set acquired from a reinforced concrete floor of a parking garage in Germany is presented. The data set includes potential mapping, covermeter based on eddy current, as well as microwave moisture measurements. Among the examined methods for interpolation of scattered data, kriging shows to yield smooth interpolated data plots even in the case of very sparse data. In the post-processing step, the investigated structure is efficiently segmented into zones using clustering based data fusion methods, which prove to be robust enough also for handling noisy data. Based on the minimization of the XB validity index, an unsupervised selection of optimal segmentation into damage classes is derived.
Hemocompatible materials are needed for internal and extracorporeal biomedical applications, which should be realizable by reducing protein and thrombocyte adhesion to such materials. Polyethers have been demonstrated to be highly efficient in this respect on smooth surfaces. Here, we investigate the grafting of oligo- and polyglycerols to rough poly(ether imide) membranes as a polymer relevant to biomedical applications and show the reduction of protein and thrombocyte adhesion as well as thrombocyte activation. It could be demonstrated that, by performing surface grafting with oligo- and polyglycerols of relatively high polydispersity (>1.5) and several reactive groups for surface anchoring, full surface shielding can be reached, which leads to reduced protein adsorption of albumin and fibrinogen. In addition, adherent thrombocytes were not activated. This could be clearly shown by immunostaining adherent proteins and analyzing the thrombocyte covered area. The presented work provides an important strategy for the development of application relevant hemocompatible 3D structured materials.
Rigid rod-type metallo-supramolecular coordination polyelectrolytes with Fe(II) centres (Fe-MEPEs) are produced via the self-assembly of the ditopic ligand 1,4-bis(2,2':6',2''-terpyridine-4'-yl)benzene (tpy-ph-tpy) and Fe(II) acetate. Fe-MEPEs exhibit remarkable electrochromic properties; they change colour from blue to transparent when an electric potential is applied. This electrochemical process is generally reversible. The blue colour in the ground state is a result of a metal-to-ligand charge transfer at the Fe(II) centre ion in a quasi-octahedral geometry. When annealed at temperatures above 100 °C, the blue colour turns into green and the formerly reversible electrochromic properties are lost, even after cooling down to room temperature. The thermally induced changes in the Fe(II) coordination sphere are investigated in situ during annealing of a solid Fe-MEPE using X-ray absorption fine structure (XAFS) spectroscopy. The study reveals that the thermally induced transition is not accompanied by a redox process at the Fe(II) centre. From the detailed analysis of the XAFS spectra, the changes are attributed to structural changes in the coordination sphere of the Fe(II) site. In the low temperature state, the Fe(II) ion rests in a quasi-octahedral coordination environment surrounded by six nitrogen atoms of the pyridine rings. The axial Fe–N bond length is 1.94 Å, while the equatorial bond length amounts to 1.98 Å. In the high temperature state, the FeN6-site exhibits a distortion with the axial Fe–N bonds being shortened to 1.88 Å and the equatorial Fe–N bonds being elongated to 2.01 Å.
We report on calibration standards of nanoparticles meeting the definition of a nanomaterial given by the European Commission (EU 2011) which are relevant for the characterisation methods applied in the NanoDefine project. We found that the Impact of nanoparticles is outstanding in the scientific literature. A number of 270.000 paper titles on nanoparticles are listed in the Web of Science data base. But surprisingly, the availability of suitable certified standard reference materials is scarce. Only a few sources were found. For example, BAM provides the database Nanoscaled Reference Materials at http://www.nano-refmat.bam.de/en/ in cooperation with the ISO/TC 229 Nanotechnologies. In addition, two publications from 2013 on nanoscale reference materials are available. Candidates of nano-(certified) reference materials from other ongoing or just finished FP6 and FP7 nano-metrology projects have been extracted from the Compendium of Projects in the European NanoSafety Cluster (Compendium NSC, 2013). Recommendations for selection of representative test materials and calibration standards for NanoDefine internal tasks, respectively, are also given.
Thermally reduced graphite oxide (TRGO), containing only four single carbon layers on average, was combined with ammonium polyphosphate (APP) and magnesium hydroxide (MH), respectively, in polypropylene (PP). The nanoparticle's influence on different flame-retarding systems and possible synergisms in pyrolysis, reaction to small flame, fire behavior and mechanical properties were determined. TRGO has a positive effect on the yield stress, which is decreased by both flame-retardants and acts as a synergist with regard to Young's modulus. The applicability and effects of TRGO as an adjuvant in combination with conventional flame-retardants depends strongly on the particular flame-retardancy mechanism. In the intumescent system, even small concentrations of TRGO change the viscosity of the pyrolysing melt crucially. In case of oxygen index (OI) and UL 94 test, the addition of increasing amounts of TRGO to PP/APP had a negative impact on the oxygen index and the UL 94 classification. Nevertheless, systems with only low amounts (≤1 wt%) of TRGO achieved V-0 classification in the UL 94 test and high oxygen indices (>31 vol%). TRGO strengthens the residue structure of MH and therefore functions as a strong synergist in terms of OI and UL 94 classification (from HB to V-0).
Two metal organic structures composed of the ligands benzene-1,4-dicarboxylate and pyridine-2,5-dicarboxylate and bismuth cations are presented: (H2Im)[Bi(1,4-bdc)2] (1) and [Bi(pydc)(NO3)2(H2O)2]*H2O (2) (bdc = benzenedicarboxylate, H2Im = imidazole cation, pydc = pyridinedicarboxylate). Both compounds were synthesised via grinding and the crystal structure of compound (2) was solved based on its powder diffraction pattern. Compound 1 crystallises isostructurally to the dimethyl ammonium containing compound (dma)[(Bi(1,4-bdc)2]. Raman spectroscopy and Extended X-ray absorption fine structure (EXAFS)
measurements provided additional information about the two mechanochemically synthesised metal organic compounds.
Slicing - a new method for non destructive 3D elemental sensitive characterization of materials
(2014)
Recent advances in synchrotron sources and detector technology have led to substantial improvements in spatial resolution and detection limits for X-ray fluorescence analysis (XRF). However, the non-destructive three-dimensional elemental sensitive characterization of samples remains a challenge. We demonstrate the use of the so-called 'Color X-ray Camera' (CXC) for 3D measurements for the first time. The excitation of the sample is realized with a thin sheet-beam. The stepwise movement of the sample allows getting the elemental distribution for each layer with one measurement. These layers can be combined to a full 3D dataset for each element afterwards. Since the information is collected layer by layer, there is no need to apply reconstruction techniques, which quite often are the reason for artifacts in the results achieved by computed tomography (CT). The field of applications is wide, as the 3D elemental distribution of a material contains clues to processes inside the samples from a variety of origins. The technique is of special interest and well suited for biological specimens, because their light matrix minimizes restricting absorption effects. Measurement examples of a hornet and the teeth of a Sorex araneus are shown.
Measurement of spontaneous magnetic stray field signals has been reported to be a promising tool for capturing macro-scale information of deformation states, defects and stress concentration zones in a material structure. This paper offers a new method for self-magnetic leakage field detection using a magneto-optical (MO) hand-held microscope. Its sensor has a dynamic field range between ±0.05 and ±2 kA/m and a lateral optical resolution of approx. 10 µm. We examined flat tensile test specimens of metastable austenitic steel AISI 304. Static tensile tests were repeatedly interrupted at various predetermined states of strain and the magnetic information was measured by the MO system. Comparative measurements using a high-precision magnetic field GMR-sensor, verify the outstanding capability of the MO microscope regarding spatial resolution of magnetic fields.
CONRAD-2 is an imaging instrument using low-energy (cold) neutrons. The instrument is installed at the end of a curved neutron guide which avoids the direct line of sight towards the reactor core. This ensures a very low background of high-energy neutrons and. photons at the sample position. The cold neutron beam provides a wavelength range which is suitable for phase-and diffraction-contrast imaging such as grating interferometry and Bragg edge mapping. The instrument is well suited for high resolution imaging due to the high efficiency of the very thin scintillators that can be used for the detection of cold neutrons. An instrument upgrade was performed recently as a part of an upgrade program for the cold neutron instrumentation at HZB. The parameters of the instrument as well as some research highlights will be presented.
Several ultrasonic approaches for material determination are formulated in terms of an (nonlinear) inverse problem, e.g. immersion technique (Castaings et al. (2000)) or plate-waveguide techniques (Marzani et al. (2012)). In this contribution we focus on cylindrical waveguides for ultrasonic material determination and especially on the sensitivity of recorded transmission signals to the material properties. We utilize composite scaled sensitivities to determine the information content that can be achieved by the setup to certain parameters and discuss the limitations of the approach.
Als Alternative zur Neutronentomographie wird das Potenzial der Computertomographie (CT) mit inkohärenter Röntgen-Streustrahlung (Compton-Streuung) untersucht. Die gleichzeitige Abbildung von Materialien sehr unterschiedlicher Dichten (Ordnungszahlen) ist eine wiederkehrende Herausforderung für die Radiologie und die Computertomographie mit Röntgenstrahlung. Die Messungen ergeben asymmetrische Projektionsprofile für Sinogramme der Streuintensität. Am Beispiel verschiedener Polymere (Polyethylen, Polyamid, PVC), Glas und Holz wird in den Tomogrammen ein hochaufgelöster 'Comptonkontrast' vergleichbarer Dynamik erreicht, während der simultan gemessene 'Absorptionskontrast' ausschließlich die starken Absorber (Glas und PVC) zeigt. Der Vergleich mit ähnlich auflösender Neutronentomographie zeigt ähnliche Kontraste und eröffnet mithin die Möglichkeit, diese künftig durch Compton-Tomographie im Labormaßstab zu ersetzen.
Im Rahmen des INS-Projekts „Durchführung von Ringversuchen zur Normung und Standardisierung der aktiven Thermografie mit Blitzlichtanregung“ wurden Ringversuche durchgeführt, die die Zuverlässigkeit, Vergleichbarkeit und Effektivität der Blitzthermografie für unterschiedliche Prüfprobleme nachweisen sollten. Weiterhin sollten diese Untersuchungen als Methodenvalidierungsstudie die Richtigkeit und Präzision der Blitzthermografie nachweisen und Vergleichsinformationen unterschiedlicher Geräteausstattungen liefern. Im Normausschuss NA 062-08-27 AA „Visuelle und thermografische Prüfung“ des DIN werden die Ergebnisse die Erarbeitung eines Normentwurfs zur Blitzthermografie unterstützen. In diesem Beitrag werden die Ringversuche beschrieben und ausgewählte Ergebnisse präsentiert.
Die Blitzthermografie weist eine Reihe von Vorteilen gegenüber anderen Verfahren der aktiven Thermografie auf und hat daher eine relativ große Verbreitung in Forschung und Industrie gefunden. Ein wesentlicher Nachteil ist jedoch die begrenzte Energie, die pro Blitz genutzt werden kann. Es stellt sich die Frage, ob sich durch mehrere kurz hintereinander ausgeführte Blitze eine Verbesserung des Energieeintrags erreichen lässt. Zur experimentellen Untersuchung dieser Frage wurde ein Versuchsstand mit vier Blitzlampen so umgerüstet, dass die Blitzlampen zeitgleich oder nacheinander mit einer regelbaren Verzögerung ausgelöst werden können („Multiblitz“). Als Probekörper dienten Platten aus CFK, an deren Rückseite Flachbodenbohrungen (FBB) eingebracht worden waren. Betrachtet wurde jedoch nur der absolute Temperaturhub am ungestörten Material. Die Experimente zeigen relativ geringe Effekte im Prozentbereich, wie sie auch gemäß einer quantitativen Abschätzung zu erwarten sind. Interessanterweise vergrößerte sich der Einfluss der Multiblitzanregung auf die Energieeinkopplung deutlich bei einem etwas vergrößerten Abstand zwischen Blitzlampen und untersuchter Oberfläche. Die Ursache für diesen Effekt ist derzeit unklar, vermutet werden eine Temperaturabhängigkeit und/oder eine Abstandsabhängigkeit des Wärmübergangskoeffizienten im Konvektionsterm.
A Large Aperture UltraSonic (LAUS) system has been designed and built for testing thick concrete structures. The scalable system consists of twelve ultrasonic units, each hosting 32 individual shear wave transducers with mechanical dry point contact (DPC) to the concrete surface. The twelve units are attached to the concrete surface using a vacuum case which holds them in place during operation. Each LAUS unit can be placed individually depending on the surface condition and optimal ultrasonic condition, e.g. rebar position. Air pressure is supplied to each unit through an air hose. The following extended abstract is a short version of an article to be published in the special edition of ASCE JIS that will describe the outline of the system, the principle of functioning, the data processing and adapted reconstruction calculation based on SAFT as well as the system performance during first applications.
Aktive Thermografieverfahren werden immer häufiger zur zerstörungsfreien Prüfung von Faserverbundwerkstoffen eingesetzt, da diese völlig berührungslos arbeiten und sowohl zur Prüfung großflächiger Strukturen als auch von großen Stückzahlen kleinerer Komponenten in der Fertigung eingesetzt werden können. Dieser Beitrag beschäftigt sich mit Untersuchungen an typischen Defekten und Inhomogenitäten, die bereits während der Fertigung von CFK Bauteilen entstehen oder unbeabsichtigt mit eingebaut werden. Systematische Untersuchungen wurden mit Blitzthermografie in Reflexions- und Transmissionskonfiguration und mit Computertomographie (CT) durchgeführt. Die CT wurde dabei als Referenzverfahren genutzt, da dieses Verfahren auch kleinere Defekte mit relativ hoher Ortsauflösung und unabhängig von der Tiefe darstellen kann.
Die Zahl der industriellen Anwendungen mit Einsatz von Faserverbundwerkstoffen wächst kontinuierlich vor allem wegen der exzellenten Materialeigenschaften und des geringen Gewichtes dieses Werkstoffes. Entsprechend steigen die Anforderungen an zerstörungsfreie Prüfsysteme zur Gewährleistung des sicheren Betriebes von Komponenten und Strukturen bestehend aus Verbundwerkstoffen.
Im Rahmen des EU-Projekes VITCEA (Validated Inspection Techniques for Composites in Energy Applications) wird das Ziel verfolgt, neue Prüfverfahren für moderne Verbundwerkstoffe zu entwickeln und zu validieren. Im Vordergrund steht hierbei als Applikation im Industriesektor Energieversorgung die Prüfung von sicherheitsrelevanten Komponenten von onshore und offshore Windkraftanlagen, wie z.B. deren Rotorblätter und tragende Strukturen.
Eine Teilaufgabe innerhalb des Projektes stellen der Vergleich und die Validierung verschiedener Ultraschallprüfmethoden bezüglich ihrer Fähigkeit zum Nachweis der typischen Herstellungs- und betriebsbedingten Materialschädigungen von CFK und GFK dar.
Neben verschiedenen konventionellen Ultraschall-Prüftechniken, werden die Phased-Array-Prüfung, insbesondere die Prüfung mit Matrixarrays, sowie die Untersuchung mit berührüngsloser Luftultraschalltechnik bezüglich ihrer Nachweisgrenzen und der Möglichkeiten zur Fehlercharakterisierung an Faserverbundwerkstoffen untersucht. Die Ergebnisse werden mit Untersuchungen mit thermographischen Methoden und Mikrowellentechnik verglichen.
The objects of this investigation were sculptures taken from a ca. three hundred years old baroque epitaph of a church in Tonning, a town in Northern Germany. Around 1900 it was found in a disastrous state heavily damaged by wood-worm. At that time, the whole artwork was treated with the tar extract carbolineum as a remedy. Nowadays, this substance has been identified as carcinogenic, and its presence can be perceived by its stench and visually at certain spots on the surface where it has penetrated the covering paint.
A gold-painted sculpture of a massive wooden skull was interrogated with X-rays and fast neutrons to investigate the internal distribution of the carbolineum. The X-ray tomography, with its excellent spatial resolution revealed galleries left over from the worm infestation in the outer areas and cracks in the central region. The golden color coating appeared as a thick and dense layer. In comparison the tomography with fast neutrons, though being of lower resolution and yet unresolved artefacts revealed sections of slightly different densities in the bulk of the wood. These differences we attribute to the differences in the distribution of the impregnant in the wood, visible due to its higher hydrogen content making it less transparent for neutrons.
Fire and explosion hazards associated with storage and transportation of flammable materials have been a matter of great interest in the recent times. BLEVE is a scenario that occurs when a closed fuel container is subjected to heat for a longer duration. Such events are disastrous to human beings and assets both. In the past there have been numerous studies on BLEVEs and fireballs of hydrocarbon fuels, e.g. kerosene, gasoline, LPG, LNG and others. Though, the fireballs of peroxy-fuels are not looked into detail as such. This article tries to overcome this lack of knowledge. Both, experimental investigation and CFD simulations are performed to measure and predict the fireball characteristics of a peroxy-fuel. Due to thermal decomposition in the liquid phase and active oxygen content a peroxy-fuel fireball burns at a very fast rate and emit higher thermal radiation whereas exhibits smaller diameter and elevation compared to hydrocarbons. That eventually leads to consideration of larger safety distances from them which are also verified by CFD results.
High resolution examination of safety-relevant parts in immersion tank testing with focussing probes is forming a main topic of modern non-destructive testing. For the usage of complex reconstruction methods and algorithms, an individual and detailed knowledge about the transmission behaviour of the used probes is essential, as this has a significant influence on the results of data reconstruction.
Especially the knowledge about position and diameter of the focal point is needed to achieve the highest possible sensitivity. Through the individual position of the beam axis within the examined volume, a four dimensional metro logical determination of the acoustical pressure (x, y, z, t) is necessary. With the measured data it is possible to draw interferences about the sound field and acoustical pressure distribution. The presented work realized a method of automatic determination of the beam axis, the position of focal point and the focal diameter to support individual testing setups and transducer characterization.
BAM und TATA Steel untersuchen gemeinsam, ob sich die Prüfung von ferritischen Feinblechen mit einer Stärke von etwa 0,2 mm während der Fertigung durch den Einsatz von GMR-Sensorik verbessern lässt. Hierzu wurde eine Vorstudie an Feinblechen mit eingebrachten Mikronuten durchgeführt. Diese Nuten variieren in ihrer Tiefe zwischen 5 μm und 60 μm und wurden verdeckt mit ZfP-angepassten GMR-Sensorarrays geprüft. Die Ergebnisse der Vorstudie zeigten, dass bei verdeckter Prüfung schon kleinste Defekte mit einer Tiefe von 10 μm - gleichbedeutend mit einer Restwanddicke von 90 % – mit einem SNR > 6 dB detektiert werden konnten, wobei der Abstand der Prüfsonde zur Oberfläche bis zu 500 μm betrug. Zudem wurden in der Vorstudie Untersuchungen zur Prüfgeschwindigkeit und Praxistauglichkeit durchgeführt.
Basierend auf den hier gewonnenen Ergebnissen wird ein erster Demonstrator für eine zuverlässige Prüfung eines Teilbereiches von 50 mm des Feinbleches innerhalb einer Produktionslinie aufgebaut. Zum Einsatz kommen Prüfsonden mit jeweils 24 GMR-Sensorelementen. Hierbei wird das Ziel einer umfassenden Prüfung des Feinblechs über die gesamte Breite von 1200 mm angestrebt. Eine besondere Herausforderung stellt dabei die hohe Anzahl von mehr als 1000 Sensorelementen dar. Das hierfür entwickelte Prüfkonzept umfasst neben einer angepassten Erzeugung des Magnetfeldes die Entwicklung einer geeigneten schnellen und sicheren Elektronik für die neuen Mehrkanalprüfköpfe. Neben der Vorstellung des Prüfkonzeptes und seiner Eigenschaften vergleichen wir die erzielten Prüfergebnisse an verschiedenen Vergleichsfehlern mit denen der Vorstudie.
Widerstandspunktschweißen ist insbesondere im Automobilbau eine der wichtigsten Fügetechniken. Bislang erfolgt die Qualitätssicherung überwiegend durch stichprobenartige zerstörende Prüfung. Eine zerstörungsfreie Prüftechnik würde neben der Reduzierung der Prüfkosten auch eine Optimierung des Punktschweißverfahrens bedeuten, da prinzipiell jeder Schweißpunkt geprüft werden könnte und somit auch eine Reduzierung der Anzahl der Schweißpunkte möglich ist.
Es wird ein Verfahren vorgestellt, bei dem die Punktschweißverbindung zwischen zwei Stahlblechen optisch auf einer Blechseite mittels Laser oder Blitzlicht erwärmt wird. Die aufgeschmolzene Zone, die sogenannte Schweißlinse, stellt dabei neben der mechanischen Verbindung auch eine Wärmebrücke zwischen den beiden verschweißten Blechen dar, die bei diesem Verfahren ausgenutzt wird. Durch den verbesserten thermischen Kontakt zwischen den verschweißten Blechen an der Schweißlinse kontrastiert diese deutlich mit dem umgebenden Blechmaterial, bei dem der Wärmeübertrag zwischen den Blechen vergleichsweise gering ist. Dieser Kontrast im thermischen Verhalten kann mittels zeitabhängiger Thermografie gemessen werden.
Durch das hier vorgestellte Verfahren kann mittels aktiver Thermografie sowohl in Transmissions- als auch in Reflexionsanordnung die Größe des thermischen Kontaktes zwischen den beiden Blechen ermittelt werden, welche ein Maß für die Größe der Schweißlinse und damit für die qualitative Güte der Schweißung darstellt. Ein Vorteil des entwickelten Verfahrens ist seine Anwendbarkeit auf Bleche ohne Oberflächenbehandlung.
Neutron tomography has been applied to investigate the mechanism of hydrogen assisted cracking in technical iron and supermartensitic steel. Rectangular technical iron block samples showed blistering due to intense hydrogen charging and the tomographic method revealed in situ the spatial distribution of hydrogen and cracks. Hydrogen accumulated in a small region around cracks and the cracks are filled with hydrogen gas. Cracks close to the surface contained no hydrogen. Hydrogenous tensile test samples of supermartensitic steel were pulled until rupture and showed hydrogen accumulations at the notch base and in the plastically deformed region around the fracture surface.
A multifunctional fluorescence platform has been constructed based on gold nanoparticle (AuNP)-catalyzed uranine reduction. The catalytic reduction of uranine was conducted in aqueous solution using AuNPs as nanocatalyst and sodium borohydride as reducing reagent, which was monitored by fluorescence and UV-vis spectroscopy. The reaction rate was highly dependent on the concentration, size and dispersion state of AuNPs. When AuNPs aggregated, their catalytic ability decreased, and thereby a label-free fluorescent assay was developed for the detection of melamine, which can be used for melamine determination in milk. In addition, a fluorescent immunoassay for aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) was established using the catalytic reaction for signal amplification based on target-induced concentration change of AuNPs, where AFB1-BSA-coated magnetic beads and anti-AFB1 antibody-conjugated AuNPs were employed as capture and signal probe, respectively. The detection can be accomplished in 1 h and acceptable recoveries in spiked maize samples were achieved. The developed fluorescence system is simple, sensitive and specific, which could be used for the detection of a wide range of analytes.
Non-destructive testing methods are mostly applied and established for the detection of embedded mounting parts or structural defects in building elements. The assessment of the concrete microstructure or microstructural changes like chemical alterations or the formation of microcracks, e.g. due to material aging, freeze-thaw cycles, alkali-silica reaction and ettringite, is not in the focus of ndt research though. Concrete moisture and enhanced salt contents, which usually trigger all chemical microstructural changes, are other material properties, lacking reliable ways of measuring. But, the assessment of such material properties, on the long term also in a depth resolved manner, is definitely important, when the sustainability of our concrete infrastructure buildings shall be evaluated.
New consideration like the potential use of ndt, in particular the combination of different methods and alternate ways of data analysis are subject of research currently undertaken at BAM. These approaches involve for example working towards (i) a deeper understanding of how to measure moisture distributions reliably and follow transport phenomena, (ii) the use of stray phenomena in radar and ultrasound to locate material inhomogeneities or (iii) the application of LIBS for the delineation of diffusion and migration processes but also (iv) the use of new tools for data analysis like data fusion. First results are presented and new ideas discussed.
Measuring the moisture content of floor screeds is usually done with minor destructive testing methods like Darr drying or the Calcium Carbid (CM) method. These require small samples, deliver only punctual information and still have proven not to be very reliable. Hence, a study has been made using the standard destructive tests as well as a suite of non-destructive testing methods working out their use for moisture determination. In this study five partners from research institutes and industry worked together and intensively researched different technologies. The main focus was put on the varying sensitivity of the measuring techniques in different moisture ranges. Especially for low moisture contents ( or ‘critical’ moisture contents when the screed is dry enough to be covered with the final floor finish), several commercial devices including the most commonly used CM-method failed to determine the correct moisture content for cementitious samples. Hence the need for more accurate, if possible non-destructive methods is high, taking also into account that the chemistry (and physical properties) of screeds may vary strongly depending on their origin and purpose.
Moisture and salt loads of concrete can significantly change its microstructure and consequently lead to chemical and mechanical degradation. However, the non-destructive investigation of moisture and salt present in concrete is still difficult. In order to address and compare the sensitivity of different methods concrete samples with different pore systems realized by varying the w/z ratios have been fabricated. The focus of this study was put on the analysis of ultrasonic long and trans waves measured on the surface and in transmission mode. The results show clear dependencies of all applied methods. With the radar and microwave methods predominantly changes in the concrete moisture could be detected, whereas the different pore systems were not observed to alter the signals. In contrast for the ultrasound method also the ongoing hydration as well as the nature of the pore system strongly influenced the signals. As a consequence in a subsequent drying experiment it was also tried to delineate the effects of moisture and hydration. All specimens have been re-saturated under pressure and the drying experiment was repeated using the same multi-sensor approach.
This paper gives a brief overview on3D imaging of magnetic domains with shearing grating neutron tomography. We investigated the three-dimensional distribution of magnetic domain walls in the bulk of a wedge-shaped FeSi single crystal. The width of the magnetic domains wasanalyzed at different locations within the crystal. Magnetic domains close to the tip of the wedge are much smaller than in the bulk. Furthermore, the three-dimensional shape of individual domains wasinvestigated. We discuss prospects and limitations of the applied measurement technique.
Cracks perpendicular to the surface may be initial indicators for a deterioration process of concrete structures. Moisture penetrates inside the structure and transports adverse chemicals. The paper presents an investigation about the reliability of available commercial non-destructive evaluation techniques to reliably estimate the depth of surface-breaking cracks in reinforced concrete structures. Aim of the study was the investigation of surface-braking cracks under laboratory conditions. Commercial acoustic devices as impact echo equipment, single ultrasonic transducers and arrays were applied even if they have not been developed for this purpose. The commercial software and descriptions for application was followed strictly to compare the function, precision and repeatability of the measurements. Both, perpendicular notches and cracks have been considered. The study was completed with a discussion about reference specimens. The study was the basis for formulation of gaps in research. The Electric Power Research Institute (EPRI) has initiated and funded a Project.
For the closure of radioactive waste disposal facilities engineered barriers- so called “drift seals” are used. The purpose of these barriers is to constrain the possible infiltration of brine and to prevent the migration of radionuclides into the biosphere. In a rock salt mine a large scale in-situ experiment of a sealing construction made of salt concrete was set up to prove the technical feasibility and operability of such barriers. In order to investigate the integrity of this structure, non-destructive ultrasonic measurements were carried out.
Therefore two different methods were applied at the front side of the test-barrier:
1 Reflection measurements from boreholes
2 Ultrasonic imaging by means of scanning ultrasonic echo methods This extended abstract is a short version of an article to be published in a special edition of ASCE Journal that will briefly describe the sealing construction, the application of the non-destructive ultrasonic measurement methods and their adaptation to the onsite conditions -as well as parts of the obtained results. From this a concept for the systematic investigation of possible contribution of ultrasonic methods for quality assurance of sealing structures may be deduced.
LIBS is on the step from a laboratory application to on-site analysis. A validated mobile LIBS-system for on-site application on building materials is under development at BAM in cooperation with industrial partners (system developers and companies), who will use this technique for investigation on building structures like bridges and parking decks. The system is designed to measure the content of harmful species like chlorine, sulfur or alkalis, to give the engineer a tool for the estimation of the condition of concrete structures and for quality assurance during concrete repair work on-site. In these work results of on-site measurements on a chloride contaminated bridge are shown. Further work will focus on providing guidelines to establish LIBS as a standard procedure for chemical investigations of building materials.
The paper addresses beech wood as well as vulcanized fiber and discusses the results obtained when using acoustic emission and thermography as non-destructive testing techniques along tensile and load increase fatigue tests to characterize the wooden material’s behavior under increasing fatigue loads to get enhanced information regarding the fatigue behavior of both materials. Reference is mainly made to the materials’ anisotropic and microstructural behavior and what implications this has with respect to the materials’ strength. The influence of moisture is discussed, as well as parameters that may deserve monitoring in the sense of structural health monitoring to be applied in timber structures in general.
Ultrasonic measurement evaluation methods have been proven to be effective for detection of subtle changes, caused by temperature, load or moisture. To detect and localize temperature changes, a concrete block of 4 × 5 × 0.8 m3, including a heating cartridge and multiple temperature sensors, has been set up to change the temperature and monitor the temperature distribution in a certain area inside the specimen. An ultrasonic monitoring system with 40 ultrasonic sensors (20 transmitters, 20 receivers, 25 kHz central frequency) has been implemented on the specimen. Data from 400 sensor combinations was collected over the whole period of the experiment in an interval of 30 minutes. Quantitative methods (CodaWave Interferometry and Time of Flight method) were used to evaluate the changes in ultrasonic travel-time caused by the heating period, when the cartridge was active, and the cooling period after turning off the cartridge. Furthermore the travel-time changes from all 400 sensor combinations were used to locate the heating cartridge.
Ultrasonic measurement evaluation methods have been proven to be effective for detection of subtle changes, caused by temperature, load or moisture. However, for its application outdoors it is necessary to analyse unavoidable influences, such as weather. Therefore an ultrasonic monitoring system with 40 ultrasonic sensors (20 transmitters, 20 receivers; 25 kHz central frequenzy) has been implemented on a concrete specimen (4×5×0.8m3), that is exposed to weather conditions. Data from 400 sensor combinations was collected over a period of six months with an interval of two hours. The data was evaluated by both qualitative (correlation techniques) and quantitative (ultrasonic velocity changes via Coda Wave Interferometry and time of flight method) evaluation methods and compared to the temperature changes caused by weather.
We present the results of several machine learning (ML)- inspired data fusion algorithms applied to multi-sensory nondestructive testing (NDT) data. Our dataset consists of Impact-Echo (IE), Ultrasonic Pulse Echo (US) and Ground Penetrating Radar (GPR) data collected on large-scale concrete specimens with built–in simulated honeycombing defects. The main objective is to improve the detectability of honeycombs by fusing the information from the three different sensors. We describe normalization, feature detection and optimal feature selection. We have used unsupervised and supervised ML, i.e., classification and clustering, for data fusion. We demonstrate the advantage of data fusion in reducing the false positives up to 10% compared to the best single sensor, thus, improving the detectability of the defects. The methods were evaluated on a concrete specimen. The effectiveness of the proposed approach was demonstrated on a separate full-scale concrete specimen. The results indicate the transportability of the conclusions from one specimen to the other.
Geosynthetics are planar polymeric products, which are used in connection with soil, rock or other soil-like materials to fulfill various functions in geoenvironmental engineering. Geosynthetics are of ever-growing importance in the construction industry. Sealing of waste storage facilities to safely prevent the emission of wastewater, landfill gas and contaminated dust as well as the diffusion of pollutants into the environment and coastal protection against storms and floods and reconstruction after natural disaster are important fields of application. We will give an overview of the various geosynthetic products. Two examples of the material problems related to geosynthetics are discussed in detail: the effect of creep on the long-term performance of geocomposite drains and the numerical simulation of the interaction of soil with geogrids. Both issues are of importance for the use of these products in landfill capping systems. The various functions, which geosynthetics may fulfill in the protection of coastal lines, are illustrated by case studies. The geosynthetic market is evaluated and economical and environmental benefits, as well as environmental side effects related to the use of geosynthetics, are discussed.