Wissenschaftliche Artikel der BAM
Filtern
Erscheinungsjahr
Dokumenttyp
- Zeitschriftenartikel (2083)
- Beitrag zu einem Tagungsband (386)
- Forschungsbericht (19)
- Beitrag zu einem Sammelband (10)
- Sonstiges (10)
- Buchkapitel (9)
- Corrigendum (3)
- Tagungsband (Herausgeberschaft für den kompletten Band) (2)
- Dissertation (1)
- Zeitschriftenheft (Herausgeberschaft für das komplette Heft) (1)
Sprache
- Englisch (2287)
- Deutsch (233)
- Mehrsprachig (3)
- Portugiesisch (1)
Schlagworte
- Additive manufacturing (69)
- Fluorescence (56)
- Nanoparticles (48)
- Concrete (47)
- SAXS (46)
- Ultrasound (38)
- Corrosion (37)
- MALDI-TOF MS (36)
- Quantum yield (36)
- Non-destructive testing (34)
Organisationseinheit der BAM
- 8 Zerstörungsfreie Prüfung (448)
- 6 Materialchemie (442)
- 1 Analytische Chemie; Referenzmaterialien (362)
- 7 Bauwerkssicherheit (228)
- 5 Werkstofftechnik (218)
- 9 Komponentensicherheit (215)
- 4 Material und Umwelt (197)
- 6.3 Strukturanalytik (168)
- 8.5 Röntgenbildgebung (139)
- 6.1 Oberflächen- und Dünnschichtanalyse (102)
- 8.2 Zerstörungsfreie Prüfmethoden für das Bauwesen (101)
- 8.0 Abteilungsleitung und andere (100)
- 5.1 Mikrostruktur Design und Degradation (80)
- 9.3 Schweißtechnische Fertigungsverfahren (79)
- 1.2 Biophotonik (74)
- 6.6 Physik und chemische Analytik der Polymere (70)
- 9.4 Integrität von Schweißverbindungen (69)
- 8.4 Akustische und elektromagnetische Verfahren (66)
- 7.5 Technische Eigenschaften von Polymerwerkstoffen (64)
- 6.2 Material- und Oberflächentechnologien (63)
- 1.1 Anorganische Spurenanalytik (61)
- 7.4 Baustofftechnologie (61)
- 6.5 Synthese und Streuverfahren nanostrukturierter Materialien (57)
- 1.4 Prozessanalytik (56)
- 4.1 Biologische Materialschädigung und Referenzorganismen (56)
- 1.7 Organische Spuren- und Lebensmittelanalytik (55)
- 3 Gefahrgutumschließungen; Energiespeicher (54)
- 1.5 Proteinanalytik (52)
- 6.0 Abteilungsleitung und andere (51)
- 8.6 Faseroptische Sensorik (50)
- 1.8 Umweltanalytik (43)
- 4.3 Schadstofftransfer und Umwelttechnologien (42)
- 5.2 Metallische Hochtemperaturwerkstoffe (42)
- 7.2 Ingenieurbau (40)
- 1.9 Chemische und optische Sensorik (38)
- 5.4 Multimateriale Fertigungsprozesse (38)
- 9.0 Abteilungsleitung und andere (35)
- 9.2 Versuchsanlagen und Prüftechnik (32)
- 4.2 Material-Mikrobiom Wechselwirkungen (30)
- 5.3 Polymere Verbundwerkstoffe (29)
- 2 Prozess- und Anlagensicherheit (28)
- 4.0 Abteilungsleitung und andere (28)
- 4.5 Kunst- und Kulturgutanalyse (28)
- 5.5 Materialmodellierung (27)
- 5.6 Glas (27)
- S Qualitätsinfrastruktur (27)
- 7.6 Korrosion und Korrosionsschutz (26)
- 2.1 Sicherheit von Energieträgern (25)
- 4.4 Thermochemische Reststoffbehandlung und Wertstoffrückgewinnung (24)
- 9.5 Tribologie und Verschleißschutz (23)
- 9.6 Additive Fertigung metallischer Komponenten (23)
- 8.1 Sensorik, mess- und prüftechnische Verfahren (22)
- VP Vizepräsident (22)
- VP.1 eScience (22)
- 7.1 Baustoffe (21)
- 1.3 Instrumentelle Analytik (19)
- 3.1 Sicherheit von Gefahrgutverpackungen und Batterien (17)
- 5.0 Abteilungsleitung und andere (17)
- 1.6 Anorganische Referenzmaterialien (16)
- S.2 Digitalisierung der Qualitätsinfrastruktur (16)
- 7.7 Modellierung und Simulation (15)
- 1.0 Abteilungsleitung und andere (13)
- 7.0 Abteilungsleitung und andere (13)
- P Präsident (11)
- 3.2 Gefahrguttanks und Unfallmechanik (10)
- 3.5 Sicherheit von Gasspeichern (10)
- P.0 Präsident und andere (10)
- 6.7 Materialsynthese und Design (9)
- 7.3 Brandingenieurwesen (9)
- 6.4 Materialinformatik (8)
- 3.4 Sicherheit von Lagerbehältern (7)
- S.3 Ökodesign und Energieverbrauchskennzeichnung (7)
- 3.6 Elektrochemische Energiematerialien (6)
- S.1 Qualität im Prüfwesen (5)
- 3.0 Abteilungsleitung und andere (4)
- 8.3 Thermografische Verfahren (4)
- 4.6 Molekulare und angewandte Entomologie (3)
- 2.0 Abteilungsleitung und andere (2)
- 2.2 Prozesssimulation (2)
- 2.3 Einstufung von Gefahrstoffen und -gütern (1)
- 2.5 Konformitätsbewertung Explosivstoffe/Pyrotechnik (1)
- 3.3 Sicherheit von Transportbehältern (1)
- KM Kommunikation, Marketing (1)
- PST Präsidiale Stabsstelle (1)
- VP.2 Informationstechnik (1)
Paper des Monats
- ja (68)
Process monitoring of an intensified continuous production unit with compact NMR spectroscopy
(2016)
Monitoring chemical reactions is the key to chemical process control. Today, mainly optical online methods are applied. NMR spectroscopy has a high potential for direct loop process control. Compact NMR instruments based on permanent magnets are robust and relatively inexpensive analyzers, which feature advantages like low cost, low maintenance, ease of use, and cryogen-free operation. Instruments for online NMR measurements equipped with a flow-through cell, possessing a good signal-to-noise-ratio, sufficient robustness, and meeting the requirements for integration into industrial plants (i.e., explosion safety and fully automated data analysis) are cur-rently not available off the rack. Recently, promising benchtop NMR instruments with acceptable performance came to market and process integrated sensors developed on basis of such laboratory instruments are on their way.
High loadings of carbon black (CB) are usually used to achieve the properties demanded of rubber compounds. In recent years, distinct nanoparticles have been investigated to replace CB in whole or in part, in order to reduce the necessary filler content or to improve performance. Multilayer graphene (MLG) is a nanoparticle made of just 10 graphene sheets and has recently become commercially available for mass-product nanocomposites. Three phr (part for hundred rubbers) of MLG are added to chlorine isobutyl isoprene rubber (CIIR)/CB composites in order to replace part of the CB. The incorporation of just 3 phr MLG triples the Young’s modulus of CIIR; the same effect is obtained with 20 phr CB. The simultaneous presence of three MLG and CB also delivers remarkable properties, e.g. adding three MLG and 20 phr CB increased the hardness as much as adding 40 phr CB. A comprehensive study is presented, showing the influence on a variety of mechanical properties. The potential of the MLG/CB combination is illustrated to reduce the filler content or to boost performance, respectively. Apart from the remarkable mechanical properties, the CIIR/CB/MLG nanocomposites showed an increase in weathering resistance.
Immunoassays are suitable tools for high-throughput screenings. The prerequisite for accurate determinations by these methods is the selection of an excellent antibody. The production and selection of monoclonal antibodies is usually a tedious process. In this study, new strategies for improving antibody production and characterization were applied. This includes the monitoring of the immunization progress in mice through antibodies extracted from feces, which allows a time-resolved and animal-friendly monitoring of the immune response. Additionally, fluorescence polarization immunoassay (FPIA) could be successfully applied for fast and easy examination of cell culture supernatants and the investigation of antibody/antigen interactions including kinetics and fluorescence properties. These methods simplify the selection of the optimal antibody. As a target analyte, carbamazepine was chosen. This is a widely used antiepileptic drug which also frequently occurs in the environment. The new antibody enables CBZ determination in the concentration range 0.66–110 µg L-1 within 10 min using a high-throughput microtiter plate-based FPIA, and between 1.4 and 79 µg L-1 within 5 min applying an automated cuvette-based FPIA instrument, and from 0.05–36 µg L-1 using ELISA. The measurements were performed at a non-equilibrium state which improved the sensitivity and selectivity of the assays. Due to low cross-reactivity especially towards the main CBZ metabolite and other pharmaceuticals (<1%), this antibody gives the opportunity for application in medical and environmental analyses.
Amino acid analysis is considered to be the gold standard for quantitative peptide and protein analysis. Here, we would like to propose a simple HPLC/UV method based on a reversed-phase separation of the aromatic amino acids tyrosine (Tyr), phenylalanine (Phe), and optionally tryptophan (Trp) without any derivatization. The hydrolysis of the proteins and peptides was performed by an accelerated microwave technique, which needs only 30 minutes. Two internal standard compounds, homotyrosine (HTyr) and 4-fluorophenylalanine (FPhe) were used for calibration. The limit of detection (LOD) was estimated to be 0.05 µM (~10 µg/L) for tyrosine and phenylalanine at 215 nm. The LOD for a protein determination was calculated to be below 16 mg/L (~300 ng BSA absolute). Aromatic amino acid analysis (AAAA) offers excellent accuracy and a precision of about 5% relative standard deviation, including the hydrolysis step. The method was validated with certified reference materials (CRM) of amino acids and of a pure protein (bovine serum albumin, BSA). AAAA can be used for the quantification of aromatic amino acids, isolated peptides or proteins, complex peptide or protein samples, such as serum or milk powder, and peptides or proteins immobilized on solid supports.
According to several recent studies, an unexpectedly high number of landmark papers seem to be not reproducible by Independent laboratories. Nontherapeutic antibodies used for research, diagnostic, food analytical, environmental, and other purposes play a significant role in this matter. Although some papers have been published offering suggestions to improve the situation, they do not seem to be comprehensive enough to cover the full complexity of this issue. In addition, no obvious improvements could be noticed in the field as yet. This article tries to consolidate the remarkable variety of conclusions and suggested activities into a more coherent conception. It is concluded that funding agencies and journal publishers need to take first and immediate measures to resolve these problems and lead the way to a more sustainable way of bioanalytical research, on which all can rely with confidence.
This author interview is by Dr Michael G. Weller, Head of Division 1.5 Protein Analysis at Federal Institute for Materials Research and Testing (BAM). BAM (www.bam.de/en) is a senior scientific and technical institute with responsibility to the German Federal Ministry for Economic Affairs and Energy. Dr Weller's review paper, Quality issues of research antibodies is available for download in Analytical Chemistry Insights.
We use a dynamic scanning electron microscope (DySEM) to map the spatial distribution of the vibration of a cantilever beam. The DySEM measurements are based on variations of the local secondary electron signal within the imaging electron beam diameter during an oscillation period of the cantilever. For this reason, the surface of a cantilever without topography or material variation does not allow any conclusions about the spatial distribution of vibration due to a lack of dynamic contrast. In order to overcome this limitation, artificial structures were added at defined positions on the cantilever surface using focused ion beam lithography patterning. The DySEM signal of such high-contrast structures is strongly improved, hence information about the surface vibration becomes accessible. Simulations of images of the vibrating cantilever have also been performed. The results of the simulation are in good agreement with the experimental images.
Single particle ICP-MS (spICP-MS) has gained great influence in the analysis of engineered nanoparticles (NPs) due to its simplicity, speed and ability to obtain a particle number size distribution. Despite its many advantages, the method is hampered by matrix effects affecting the sensitivity of the instruments.
Consequently, over- or underestimated particle sizes might be obtained. To overcome these challenges, we present in this work the detection of both Ag isotopes with a quadrupole mass spectrometer for the application of isotopic dilution analysis (IDA) in combination with spICP-MS. Here, the isotopes are measured sequentially using the conventional spICP-MS integration time of 10 ms. Citrate stabilized Ag NPs of a spherical shape with the nominal diameters of 30, 40, 50 and 80 nm have been investigated.
The experimental concept of adding ¹⁰⁹Ag+ solutions to the NP suspensions resulted in the NP Spikes being only visible in the ¹⁰⁷Ag trace. Therefore, a maximum of 45% of the particles was detected compared to that by conventional spICP-MS. A modified mass flow equation was applied to determine the particle sizes, particle size distributions and particle number concentrations of various Ag NPs. The addition of different spike concentrations between 0.5 and 4 mg L⁻¹ ¹⁰⁹Ag resulted in similar particle diameters, suggesting that the calculated diameter might be independent of the spike concentration.
This would have the advantage that no size information would be needed before the analysis. By analyzing Ag NP suspensions in a simulated seawater matrix, we demonstrate its significant influence on the particle size determination using conventional spICP-MS. A lower transport efficiency of 6.1% was found in the matrix compared to 7.3% without the matrix. In our approach, the addition of the Matrix influenced the NP intensity stronger than the spike signal, resulting in slightly smaller diameters using IDA–spICP-MS with the matrix compared to the results without the matrix. On the other hand, the IDA–spICP-MS approach with the matrix can result in equivalent results for the particle sizes compared with
conventional spICP-MS using suspensions without the matrix. Due to the lower instrument sensitivity in the matrix, a diameter of 30 nm was found to be close to the detection limit of the instrument.
We present paper-based test strips for chemical sensing with surface enhanced Raman scattering as detection method. The test strips are prepared on glass fibre paper with silver nanoparticles and a spray method with an airbrush spray setup as a low cost fabrication approach. The properties of the test strips are investigated with three classical Raman analytes rhodamine 6G, 4-aminothiophenol and adenine and optimized for a good reproducibility of the intensity measurements. All test analytes can be identified at low concentrations. For adenine, a concentration series from 10⁻⁴ M to 10⁻⁸ M is measured and the calibration data can be fitted and evaluated with a Langmuir isotherm model. The optimized test strips are applied for the identification of two antibiotics enoxacin and enrofloxacin.
Ectoine is an important osmolyte, which allows microorganisms to survive in extreme environmental salinity. The hygroscopic effects of ectoine in pure water can be explained by a strong water binding behavior whereas a study on the effects of ectoine in salty solution is yet missing. We provide Raman spectroscopic evidence that the influence of ectoine and NaCl are opposing and completely independent of each other. The effect can be explained by the formation of strongly hydrogen-bonded water molecules around ectoine which compensate the influence of the salt on the water dynamics. The mechanism is corroborated by first principles calculations and broadens our understanding of zwitterionic osmolytes in aqueous solution. Our findings allow us to provide a possible explanation for the relatively high osmolyte concentrations in halotolerant bacteria.
Die Anwendung thermoanalytischer Methoden für die Polymercharakterisierung hat aufgrund der makromolekularen Struktur von Polymere Vorteile. Es wurden zwei neue thermoanalyti-sche Verfahren entwickelt und deren Einsatz anhand von Anendungsbeispielen demons-triert, sowie mit etablierten, thermoanalytischen Methoden verglichen.
Für die thermische- und thermo-oxidative Zersetzungsgasanalytik wurde die Thermogravi-metrie (TGA) gekoppelt mit der Thermodesoptions-Gaschromatographie-Massenspektrometrie (TDS-GC-MS). Die Zersetzungsgase der TGA wurden dafür über ei-nen Festphasenadsorber geleitet, auf dem eine repräsentative Auswahl von polymerspezifi-schen Analyten adsorbiert wurde. Die thermische Extraktion der Analyten erfolgte in der TDS-GC-MS. Dies ermöglichte die Trennung der Analyten sowie die eindeutige Identifizie-rung mittels charakteristischer Massenfragmentmuster. Sie wurde als TED-GC-MS bezeichnet. Es stellte sich heraus, dass sie sich besonders für die Analyse von komplexen Kohlen-wasserstoffgemischen mit Molmassen von mehr als 100 g/mol eignet. In Kombination mit anderen Kopplungstechniken wie beispielsweise die TGA-FTIR/MS, die speziell für die Ana-lyse von kleineren Molekülen verwendet wurde, konnten neue grundlegende Zersetzungs-mechanismen entwickelt werden. Es wurde beispielsweise sichtbar, dass sowohl bei der thermischen als auch bei der thermo-oxidativen Degradation von Polyamid 66 (PA 66) Kon-densationsreaktionen eine wichtige Rolle spielen. Die Methode erwies sich darüber hinaus als besonders geeignet für die Identifizierung und Quantifizierung von Polymeren in Umweltproben. Es entstand dazu eine erste grundlegende Arbeit für die quantitative Bestimmung von Polyethylen (PE) Mikroplastik in Umweltproben.
Im zweiten Teil der Arbeit wurde eine steuerbare beheizbare Zelle eingeführt. Mit ihr war es möglich, mit Hilfe der Nahinfrarotspektroskopie (NIR), sich verändernde Netzwerkstrukturen während der Härtung sichtbar zu machen. Vergleichend dazu wurden etablierte, kalorische Messungen durchgeführt. Somit konnten für verschiedene Epoxidsysteme die Aushärtegrade während der Härtung mit variablen Heizraten bestimmt werden. Dadurch konnten Aushär-tungskinetiken erstellt werden, die durch isotherme und komplexe Aushärtungsszenarien validiert wurden.
Boehmite nanoparticles show great potential in improving mechanical properties of fiber reinforced polymers. In order to predict the properties of nanocomposites, knowledge about the material parameters of the constituent phases, including the boehmite particles, is crucial. In this study, the mechanical behavior of boehmite is investigated using Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM) experiments and Molecular Dynamic Finite Element Method (MDFEM) simulations. Young’s modulus of the perfect crystalline boehmite nanoparticles is derived from numerical AFM simulations. Results of AFM experiments on boehmite nanoparticles deviate significantly. Possible causes are identified by experiments on complementary types of boehmite, that is, geological and hydrothermally synthesized samples, and further simulations of imperfect crystals and combined boehmite/epoxy models. Under certain circumstances, the mechanical behavior of boehmite was found to be dominated by inelastic effects that are discussed in detail in the present work.The studies are substantiated with accompanying X-ray diffraction and Raman experiments.
Impact of gamma radiation on transmission of a commercial Cytop polymer optical fibre (Lucina, Asahi Glass Company) is investigated. Spectral dependence of radiation induced attenuation in the investigated fibre is measured in the VIS-NIR spectral region. Besides attenuation increase, radiation is found to increase fibre susceptibility to water as well. While pristine Cytop fibre is rather humidity insensitive, strong humidity related absorption in the NIR region is observed after fibre irradiation. Selective irradiation of separate fibre sections is proposed as a way of fibre humidity sensitization and quasi-distributed water detection is demonstrated using optical time domain reflectometry at 1310 nm.
The detection and characterization of surface cracks in steel specimens prior to damage is a technologically and economically highly significant task and is of utmost importance when it comes to safety-relevant structures. In steel production where steel billets at high temperatures have to be inspected while moving a number of well-established NDT methods cannot be applied. Laser thermography however is a promising candidate to serve as a fast, non-contact and remote tool in this case. We present a study that shows that the crack detection capabilities of laser thermography can be extended also to specimens at high temperature. A combination of inductive and laser heating allows to systematically study the contrast formation as well as the optimization of the important measurement parameters. The experiments are accompanied by FEM simulations that provide a better insight of the physical correlations and support the experimental developments. The aim of these studies is to develop a system with high inspection speed and detection performance to be in-line operated under the hostile environment of steel production lines.
A new concept that comprises both time- and lateral-resolved X-ray absorption fine-structure information simultaneously in a single shot is presented. This uncomplicated set-up was tested at the BAMline at BESSY-II (Berlin, Germany). The primary broadband beam was generated by a double multilayer monochromator. The transmitted beam through the sample is diffracted by a convexly bent Si (111) crystal, producing a divergent beam. This, in turn, is collected by either an energy-sensitive area detector, the so-called color X-ray camera, or by an area-sensitive detector based on a CCD camera, in θ-2θ geometry. The first tests were performed with thin metal foils and some iron oxide mixtures. A time resolution of lower than 1 s together with a spatial resolution in one dimension of at least 50 µm is achieved.
A liver biopsy specimen from a Wilson’s disease (WD) patient was analyzed by means of micro-X-ray fluorescence (mXRF) spectroscopy to determine the elemental distribution. First, bench-top mXRF was utilized for a coarse scan of the sample under laboratory conditions. The resulting distribution maps of copper and iron enabled the determination of a region of interest (ROI) for further analysis. In order to obtain more detailed elemental information, this ROI was analyzed by synchrotron radiation (SR)-based mXRF with a beam size of 4 mm offering a resolution at the cellular level. Distribution maps of additional elements to copper and iron like zinc and manganese were obtained due to a higher sensitivity of SR-mXRF. In addition to this, X-ray absorption near edge structure spectroscopy (XANES) was performed to identify the oxidation states of copper in WD. This speciation analysis indicated a mixture of copper(I) and copper(II) within the WD liver tissue.
Background: An Annex XV restriction dossier for cadmium in artists’ paints was submitted by an EU member state to the European Chemicals Agency ECHA. By cleaning used brushes under the tap cadmium can enter the food chain via waste water treatment and subsequent agricultural application of the sewage sludge. It was estimated that 110 kg Cd per year is spread on agricultural land via this exposure route. Other sources of Cd amount to almost 120 tons per year.
Results: The mobility of Cd from pigments was studied in a field-like scenario by leaching experiments using soil samples amended with sewage sludge and spiked with Cd pigments in percolation columns. The redox conditions were confirmed to be the decisive factor for the release of Cd. The release of Cd from artists’ paints was in most cases 1% or lower in the experiments performed.
Conclusions: Application of sewage sludge containing Cd from artist paints does not increase the amount of Cd leached from this soils. Furthermore the quantity of Cd from artists’ paints calculated in the restriction dossier is negligible compared to other sources of Cd to agricultural soil. Therefore ECHA did not consider the proposed restriction to be the most appropriate EU wide measure to address the negligible level of risk.
Die naturwissenschaftliche Analyse historischer Materialen ermöglicht die Beantwortung kulturhistorischer Fragestellungen, die mit kunsthistorischen oder archäologischen Ansätzen allein nicht zu leisten sind. In dieser Studie wurden sechs römische Münzen mit unterschiedlich stark ausgeprägten Korrosionsschichten an unbehandelten und polierten Stellen mit vier zerstörungsfreien analytischen Methoden untersucht: Hoch- und Niederenergie Protonen Induzierter Röntgenemission (HE-/PIXE), Synchrotronstrahlungsinduzierte-Röntgenfluoreszenzanalyse (SY-RFA) und Mikro-Röntgenfluoreszenzanalyse (Mikro-RFA) mit einem mobilen Gerät. Aufgrund von Unterschieden in den Messbedingungen und dem Einfluss der Patina-Schichten auf diese ergaben sich nur für wenige Elemente Übereinstimmungen in den quantitativen Daten. Zur Validierung zukünftiger Messkampagnen mit verschiedenen Methoden sind daher Vergleichstudien unerlässlich.
The paper describes an experimental investigation of high power laser beam welding with an electromagnetic weld pool support for up to 20 mm thick plates made of duplex steel (AISI 2205) and mild steel (S235JR). The results of the welding tests show a successful application of this technology at ferromagnetic metals. Irregular sagging was suppressed successfully. An ac-power of less than 2 kW at oscillation frequencies between 800 Hz and 1.7 kHz is necessary for a full compasation of the hydrostatic pressure. Thus, it was demonstrated that the electromagnetic weld pool support is not only limited to non-ferromagnetic metals like austenitic steels. For future studies with duplex steel, the use of filler material has to take into account with regard to the balance of the mixed austenitic and ferritic phases.
We report an appropriate preparation of binary isotope calibration mixtures of the three stable isotopes of magnesium to be used in the ab initio calibration of multicollector mass spectrometers (ICPMS and TIMS). For each of the three possible combinations of binary mixtures ("24Mg" + "25Mg", "24Mg" + "26Mg", and "25Mg" + "26Mg"), three individual setups have been prepared under gravimetric control, each of them with an isotope ratio close to unity, and a total magnesium mass fraction close to 20 mg kg-1. The preparation was designed to occur via an intermediate dilution of a parent solution of a highly purified specimen of the isotopically enriched magnesium materials. For the application as calibration mixtures, a complete uncertainty budget was set up, and is presented and discussed in detail, including the aspects that went into the design of the dilution and mixing approach to minimize uncertainty. The principle parameters for the purpose of the later calibration of the mass spectrometers are the absolute masses of isotopically enriched magnesium materials in the primary calibration mixtures. For the first time relative expanded uncertainties U (k = 2) for these masses of ≤0.005% could be achieved for all mixtures.