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In this lecture, the safety assessment of hydrogen gas storage systems is presented using the example of composite pressure vessels. The main element is a probabilistic approval approach based on five steps. Firstly, the testing and evaluation of properties at the beginning of life are shown. Secondly, methods for artificial aging and the effect on the residual strength are presented. Thirdly, testing against dedicated accidents is introduced. Fourthly, effects on the surveillance of production quality are discussed. Finally, degradation and the end of life are estimated. Background information and examples are given for each step. The assessment presented is a method applicable for many safety-related systems.
In this lecture, the safety assessment of hydrogen gas storage systems is presented using the example of composite pressure vessels. The main element is a probabilistic approval approach based on five steps. Firstly, the testing and evaluation of properties at the beginning of life are shown. Secondly, methods for artificial aging and the effect on the residual strength are presented. Thirdly, testing against dedicated accidents is introduced. Fourthly, effects on the surveillance of production quality are discussed. Finally, degradation and the end of life are estimated. Background information and examples are given for each step. The assessment presented is a method applicable for many safety-related systems.
In this lecture, the safety assessment of hydrogen gas storage systems is presented using the example of composite pressure vessels. The main element is a probabilistic approval approach based on five steps. Firstly, the testing and evaluation of properties at the beginning of life are shown. Secondly, methods for artificial aging and the effect on the residual strength are presented. Thirdly, testing against dedicated accidents is introduced. Fourthly, effects on the surveillance of production quality are discussed. Finally, degradation and the end of life are estimated. Background information and examples are given for each step. The assessment presented is a method applicable for many safety-related systems.
The chemical state of antimony and vanadium species in municipal solid waste incineration bottom ash
(2023)
Due to the large quantity as residual mineral waste, municipal solid waste incineration - bottom ash (MSWI-BA) is an interesting secondary raw material that can be utilized for road construction. However, leaching of chloride, sulfate and potentially hazardous heavy metals from MSWSI-BA into the environment may cause problems in utilization of it in civil engineering. In a previous study, we performed a long-term leaching test of MSWI-BA in a lysimeter for almost six years to investigate the efficiency of the treatment process on the release of hazardous substances. While concentrations of chloride, sulfate and the majority of the heavy metals started to decrease rapidly with progressive liquid-to-solid ratio (L/S), the ecotoxic hazardous elements antimony (Sb) and vanadium (V) behaved differently. To unravel these unusual release behaviors and the oxyanion-formation of Sb and V we will apply HERFD-XANES spectroscopy to analyze their chemical state.
Advanced Pulse Laser Machining Technology is a rapidly growing field to tailor special industrial and scientific applications. This is significantly driven by the availability of high-repetition rate laser sources and novel beam delivery concepts.
This Special Issue focuses on developments in areas of surface and volume laser material processing, including spatial and temporal beam shaping, Bessel-beam dicing, direct laser interference patterning (DLIP), laser-induced forward transfer (LIFT), pulse burst machining, waveguide writing, and two-photon polymerization. Additionally, limitations of modern laser processing caused by failure of laser optics or unwanted secondary hazards like X-ray emission are addressed.
Here, we would like to attract contributors from industry and academics. This Special Issue shall bundle original research and review articles of the latest achievements.
Current trends in materials and life sciences are flanked by the need to push detection limits to single molecules or single cells, enable the characterization of increasingly complex matrices or sophisticated nanostructures, speed up the time of analysis, reduce instrument complexity and costs, and improve the reliability of data. This requires suitable analytical tools such as spectroscopic, separation and imaging techniques, mass spectrometry, and hyphenated techniques as well as sensors and their adaptation to application-specific challenges in the environmental, food, consumer product, health sector, nanotechnology, and bioanalysis. Increasing concerns about health threatening known or emerging pollutants in drinking water, consumer products, and food and about the safety of nanomaterials led to a new awareness of the importance of analytical sciences. Another important driver in this direction is the increasing demand by legislation, particularly in view of the 17 sustainable development goals by the United Nations addressing clean energy, industry, and innovation, sustainable cities, clean water, and responsible consumption and production. In this respect, also the development of analytical methods that enable the characterization of material flows in production processes and support recycling concepts of precious raw materials becomes more and more relevant. In the future, this will provide the basis for greener production in the chemical industry utilizing recycled or sustainable starting materials.
This makes analytical chemistry an essential player in terms of the circular economy helping to increase the sustainability of production processes. In the life sciences sector, products based on proteins, such as therapeutic and diagnostic antibodies, increase in importance. These increasingly biotechnologically produced functional biomolecules pose a high level of complexity of matrix and structural features that can be met only by highly advanced methods for separation, characterization, and detection. In addition, metrological traceability and target definition are still significant challenges for the future, particularly in the life sciences.
However, innovative reference materials as required for the health and food sector and the characterization of advanced materials can only be developed when suitable analytical protocols are available. The so-called reproducibility crisis in sciences underlines the importance of improved measures of quality control for all kinds of measurements and material characterization. This calls for thorough method validation concepts, suitable reference materials, and regular interlaboratory comparisons of measurements as well as better training of scientists in analytical sciences.
The important contribution of analytical sciences to these developments is highlighted by a broad collection of research papers, trend articles, and critical reviews from these different application fields. Special emphasis is dedicated to often-overlooked quality assurance and reference materials.
Topical issue: Ellipsometry
(2022)
Ellipsometry is a matured experimental method, whose roots reach back into the early phase of modern optics itself. It is often attributed to be invented by Paul Drude in the last decade of the 19th century, but similar techniques had already been applied for years before Drude started his work. With this Special Issue about ellipsometry and related techniques, we hope to bring more attention to this method and advance and propagate it to be used by a broader community.
Sulfate is abundant in the environment and, as a result, sulfate-containing minerals constitute a large and important focus of research. These minerals play an important role in many geochemical and industrial processes, including the sulfur cycle, the construction industry (e.g., plaster of Paris), fault tectonics, acid mine drainage, and even rare biominerals. Important to note are the abundant amounts of sulfate (minerals) located on the surface of Mars, and in meteorites, extending the relevance of this mineral group beyond the realm of our planet. In geological systems, sulfate minerals such as barite are also important for indicating certain sedimentation environments. In this regard, sulfate deposits can be used to evaluate the redox state of ancient oceans during early Earth time periods.
CHG is very different compared to other graphite degenerations or defects;
Filigree, multi-branched string-like, 3d interconnected structure;
Morphology and volumetric amount of CHG cannot be accessed by stereological interpretation of 2d section data;
Field-tested, technically established method to quantify CHG in components not available;
Fatigue: CHG causes substantial reduction in fatigue limit and significant increase in crack growth rate;
Therefore: Avoid or exclude CHG!
Am Beispiel eines abgesetzten zylindrischen Bauteils (Achsschenkel) werden Probleme der analytischen bruchmechanischen Bauteilbewertung diskutiert. Als Basis-philosophie wird ein Fail Safe-Kriterium (kontrolliertes Versagen) angesetzt. Die Forderung ist, dass sich der Achsschenkel, bevor er bricht, in einem Ausmaß plastisch verformen kann, bei dem der Fahrer bemerkt, dass mit seinem Fahrzeug etwas nicht in Ordnung ist. Um das zu gewährleisten, muss der Werkstoff einen bestimmten Riss-widerstand aufweisen. Dazu werden im hier vorgestellten ersten Teil des Projektes mittels FEM Rissspitzenbeanspruchungen in Abhängigkeit von der Auslenkung des Zylinders und angenommener Rissgrößen ermittelt. Diese finden als Zielgrößen in der weiteren Analyse Anwendung. Da eine einfach umzusetzende Lösung angestrebt wird, werden zusätzlich analytische Rechnungen an Ersatzgeometrien (halbunendliche Platte und Vollzylinder), aber mit den realen Spannungen am Bauteil durchgeführt. Es zeigt sich, dass die Ergebnisse wegen des Steifigkeitsunterschieds zwischen Bauteil und Ersatzgeometrie unvertretbar konservativ sind. Alternativ wird ein hybrides Konzept vorgestellt, für das die Modellparameter mittels FEM bestimmt werden. Es liefert sehr genaue Ergebnisse. Im Rahmen der analytischen Rechenvorschrift können die Lösungen auf andere Werkstoffe übertragen werden, ohne dass zusätzliche FEM-Analysen notwendig sind.
Analytical assays that can be used outside of a dedicated laboratory environment have received unprecedented attention all around the globe during the last one and a half years, in which the world was struggling with and trying to contain the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic. However, besides their current prominence in the field of medical diagnostics, rapid tests and assays have also become increasingly important in other areas ranging from food and feed via security and forensics to environmental management. The advantage is obvious: taking the assay to the sample instead of bringing the sample to the laboratory minimizes the time between first suspicion and first decision taking. Especially today, where mobile communication devices with powerful computing capabilities and onboard cameras are omnipresent, the majority of the global population possesses the basic skills of operating a powerful detector, ready at their fingertips. The stage is thus set for a much broader use of analytical measurements in terms of prognostics and prevention.
Today, however, tests for single parameters are still prevailing, whether it is a SARS-CoV-2 biomarker, the glucose level in blood or the concentration of lead in a water sample. Also, for industrial use, many mobile analytical systems still target a single parameter, and several separate runs or tests have to be used even if one wants to screen for only a small number of key parameters. Current challenges in the field thus lie with the development of low-number multiplexing strategies while allowing for robust, reliable, fast, and user-friendly operation and while still reaching the required sensitivities.
This lecture will give an overview of various generic approaches developed in BAM’s Chemical and Optical Sensing Division over the years to address these challenges. In particular, it will highlight how the combination of supramolecular (bio)chemistry, luminescence detection, hybrid (nano)materials and device miniaturization can result in powerful (bio)analytical assays that can be used at a point-of-need. Selected examples will introduce key aspects of such systems like tailored signaling mechanisms and recognition elements, materials functionalization and device integration, including hybrid mesoporous nanomaterials, gated indicator release systems, molecularly imprinted polymers, microfluidic devices, test strips and smartphone-based analysis.
The study of laser-fabricated periodic nanostructures is one of the leading topics of today’s photonics research. Such structures on the surface of metals, semiconductors, dielectrics, or polymers can generate new material properties with special functionalities. Depending on the specific material parameters and the morphology of the structures, new devices such as microlasers, optical nanoswitches, optical storage devices, sensors or antifraud features can be realized. Furthermore, laser-generated surface textures can be used to improve the tribological properties of surfaces in contact and in relative motion—to reduce friction losses or wear, to modify the wettability or the cell and biofilm growth properties of surfaces through bioinspired laser engineering, for emerging medical applications, or as decoration elements for the refinement of precious goods.
This Special Issue “Laser-Generated Periodic Nanostructures” focuses on the latest experimental and theoretical developments and practical applications of laser-generated periodic structures that can be generated in a “self-organized” way (laser-induced periodic surface structures, LIPSS, ripples) or via laser interference-based direct ablation (often referred to as direct laser interference patterning, DLIP). We aimed to attract both academic and industrial researchers in order to collate the current knowledge of nanomaterials and to present new ideas for future applications and new technologies. By 8 August 2021, 22 scientific articles have been published in the Special Issue.
Façade fires are of growing concern worldwide. Severe facade fires in different parts of the world as well as activities in many countries regarding the testing of facades show the urgency of the fire safety challenges in façade fires. The need for knowledge and a wide Archive of work in this area has become evident after recent incidents which involved extensive facade fires. These include the tragic fires in Dubai and Grenfell Tower in 2017 in the United Kingdom. In many cases, the widespread live news coverage of the events and size of These fires has emphasized the need for progress in the understanding of the processes involved in these fires and put pressure upon the fire safety engineering community to find effective solutions.
Throughout their life cycle—from production, via usage, through to disposal—materials and products interact with the environment (water, soil, air). At the same time, they are exposed to environmental influences and, through their emissions, have an impact on the environment, people, and health. Accelerated experimental testing processes can be used to predict the long-term environmental consequences of innovative products before these actually enter the environment.
The aim of this Special Issue of the journal Materials is to publish original research and review articles as well as short communications tackling the problem of reliable environmental measurement methods and reporting exemplary case studies.
Geopolymers and alkali-activated materials have emerged as a complement, and partly as an alternative, to traditional materials in various applications, such as traditional ceramics, energy saving, waste management, building construction, and filtration. These new materials can play an important role in mitigating climate change and promoting a circular economy, which is one of the reasons why they are being actively researched in many laboratories around the world.
Open Ceramics, the official, peer-reviewed, Open Access journal of the European Ceramic Society, is dedicated to foster this research and is compiling a Special Issue with the title “Alkali-activated and geopolymer materials in ceramics and various applications”. The aim of this Special Issue is to promote new applications, the use of previously underused raw materials, and in particular a better understanding of the chemical and mechanical behavior of these materials.
The scope of the Special Issue includes, but is not limited to, research on the following topics:
- valorization of previously underused raw materials
- a better understanding of established raw materials
- detailed spectroscopic characterization of alkali-activated materials and geopolymers to elucidate their phase assemblage
- the mechanism of formation of the phase(s) that comprise these binders
- control of their mechanical properties
- the effect of fillers/aggregates on their mechanical properties
- their durability under various conditions and the underlying deterioration mechanisms
- special applications and recycling-related considerations.
Diese Richtlinie definiert Kenngrößen und Messverfahren, um Terahertzsysteme für die Zeitbereichsspektroskopie (TDS)zu spezifizieren. So können Hersteller ihre Systeme übereinstimmend beschreiben und Anwender einfach Systeme vergleichen. Systeme für die Terahertz-Zeitbereichsspektroskopie sind aktive Systeme und nutzen verschiedene Techniken sowohl zur Erzeugung als auch zur zeitaufgelösten Messung von breitbandigen Terahertzimpulsen. Die dazugehörigen Terahertzspektren und -Phasen werden nach einer zeitlichen Abtastung über eine Fourier-Transformation berechnet. In dieser Richtlinie wird ein Überblick über die Funktionsweisen von Zeitbereichsspektrometern gegeben, die eingesetzten Messverfahren näher erläutert sowie die benötigten Begriffe und Kenngrößen definiert. Die Richtlinie konzentriert sich dabei auf Systeme, die auf sogenannten Abtastmessverfahren (Sampling-Messverfahren) basieren.
The Third International Conference on Materials Engineering and Applications (ICMEA 2020) was held from 6 to 8 January 2020 in Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam. The conference provided a wide platform for the participants to communicate with each other and to share their research achievements. The distinguished keynote speakers, on the other hand, created a motivational academic atmosphere through the presentation of their outstanding research outputs.
So, on behalf of the organizing committee, we are pleased to present this volume, containing selected contributions to this conference, of authors based in the industry, research institutes and universities. You will find that a variety of subjects around materials is being covered in these proceedings, including material's science, processing and properties, as well as measuring methods and applications. The selection of papers for this volume, we must recognize, was indeed a challenging endeavor for the about fifty specialized researchers that voluntarily took their time for the reviewing process for this IOP Conference proceedings volume.
While we appreciate the efforts of all the author that submitted papers for this conference as well as the key role of the reviewers, we express our gratitude to all the members of the supporting staff, for their enduring effort to make the conference process a smooth one, and to the proceedings editing team, whose time and talent created the present volume from scratches.
Laser material processing is an emerging technology that generates surface functionalities on the basis of optical, mechanical, or chemical properties. In the form of laser surface texturing (LST), it has attracted a remarkable amount of research to tailor surface properties towards various tribological applications. The main advantages of this single-step, laser-based technology are the contactless machining, featuring a high flexibility, efficiency, and speed, along with the excellent quality of the processed products. LST can be applied precisely localized to sub-micrometric areas, but, via laser beam scanning, it is also feasible for structuring large surface areas at the square meter size.
This Special Issue focuses on the latest developments concerning the tribological performance of laser-generated periodic surface nano- and microstructures and their applications. This includes the laser-based processing of different surface patterns, such as “self-organized” laser-induced periodic surface structures (LIPSS, ripples), grooves, micro-spikes, hierarchical hybrid nano-/micro-structures, microfeatures generated by direct laser interference patterning (DLIP), or even dimples or other topographic geometries shaped by direct laser modification or ablation. The applications of these periodically nano- and micro-patterned surfaces may improve the lubricated or non-lubricated tribological performance of surfaces in conformal and even non-conformal contact through a reduction of wear, a variation of the coefficient of friction, altered load carrying capacity, etc., resulting in energy saving, improved reliability, increased lifetimes as well as durability, leading in turn to extended maintenance intervals/reduced down-time. This can be beneficial in terms of bearings, gears, engines, seals, cutting tools, or other tribological components. Fundamental aspects addressed may involve the investigation of the relevant physical and chemical effects accompanying the laser-generated nano- and microscale topographies, such as alterations of the material structures, the hardness, superficial oxidation, the role of additives contained in lubricants, surface wettability, micro-hydrodynamic effects, etc.
For this Special Issue we aim to attract both academic and industrial researchers and would like to provide a bridge between research in the fields of tribology and laser material processing in order to foster the current knowledge and present new ideas for future applications and new technologies.
This international symposium is devoted to promote a broad exchange of information on technologies, applications and quality assurance in the area of digital industrial radiology and computed tomography. The meeting provides a unique opportunity for users, scientists, equipment suppliers and all who are interested to discuss the present and future possibilities for industrial applications of the following topics:
- Xray detectors and sources
- Image processing algorithms
- Quantitative imaging
- Defect detection & localisation
- Feature extraction
- Dimensional control
- CT, multi-angle - radiography
- Laminography & Tomosynthesis
- Modelling
- Film replacement
- Phase contrast
- Multi-energies and photon counting
- Other radiation techniques (e.g. - neutrons)
- Multi-techniques fusion
- Standardisation
- Qualification & system reliability
- Inspection for Additive Manufacturing
- Scattering
Aufzählung der wichtigsten wissenschaftlich-technischen und anderer wesentlicher Ergebnisse
• ALD Abscheidungen auf Polymeren (PE, PP, PTFE) unter Atmosphärendruck und im Vakuum mit Ozon als Oxidationsmittel wurden durchgeführt:
- Mit Variation der Schichtdicke
- Mit Variation der Zykluszeit
- Mit und ohne Ozon Vorbehandlung der Oberfläche
• ALD Abscheidungen auf (PE, PP, PTFE) in Vakuum mit O2- und H2-Plasma Vorbehandlung wurden durchgeführt.
- Mit Variation der Schichtdicke
- Mit Variation der Zykluszeit
- Mit und ohne Plasma Vorbehandlung der Oberfläche
• Die ALD Prozesse wurden mit in situ Laserellipsometrie untersucht.
• Die ALD Schichten wurden für die Haftfestigkeit bei der BAM ausgewerte
Characterization of Nanoparticles: Measurement Processes for Nanoparticles surveys this fast growing field, including established methods for the physical and chemical characterization of nanoparticles. The book focuses on sample preparation issues (including potential pitfalls), with measurement procedures described in detail. In addition, the book explores data reduction, including the quantitative evaluation of the final result and its uncertainty of measurement. The results of published inter-laboratory comparisons are referred to, along with the availability of reference materials necessary for instrument calibration and method validation. The application of these methods are illustrated with practical examples on what is routine and what remains a challenge.
In addition, this book summarizes promising methods still under development and analyzes the need for complementary methods to enhance the quality of nanoparticle characterization with solutions already in operation.
Im Fokus steht die Qualitätssicherung mit Blick auf Herstellung, Modifizierung, Handling und Erprobung von PLASMA-kompatiblen Partikeln zur gepulsten in-situ Injektion von ex-situ hergestellten Partikeln für add-on Funktionen in und zur Identifikationsprüfung von BeschichTungen (PLASMA-FIT). Im Kern war zunächst zu prüfen, welche Klassen ex-situ hergestellter Partikel unterschiedlichster Materialien überhaupt bzw. unter welchen Bedingungen PLASMA-fit sind oder unter welchen Randbedingungen PLASMA-fit gemacht werden können. In den dazugehörenden Projektphasen Screening und Adaption stand dabei das komplexe Beanspruchungsszenario bestehend aus Vakuum-, Temperatur- und wenigstens kurzzeitiger Plasmabeständigkeit der ex-situ bereitgestellten Partikel im Fokus. In der Projektphase Applikation sollte dann unter Verwendung einer modifizierten Plasmaquelle (BAM-Patentanmeldung, beabsichtigte Lizenznahme durch Fa. CemeCon, Optionsvertrag) hinsichtlich der Realisierbarkeit, Prüfung und Qualitätssicherung von Plasmadispersionsschichten ein erster Praxistest zur in-situ Injektion von Partikeln in einen laufenden Beschichtungsprozess, zur Realisierung funktioneller Eigenschaften z.B. zur Identifikation oder Authentifizierung von Originalteilen, vorgenommen werden
Concrete is typically perceived as a grey material that is relatively cheap and easy to use for mass application. The global relevance of concrete is often ignored despite its tremendous environmental, economic, and social impact. Construction materials are a major impact on the climate change, but building is inevitable for social and economic development. Therefore, it is important to develop more sustainable materials to build habitat and infrastructures. A reasonable approach to build more sustainably with concrete is to use agricultural by-products as chemical or fibrous performance enhancers and/or as replacement of cement in the binder.
Beton wird typischerweise als graues Material wahrgenommen, das relativ preiswert ist und einfach in der Massenanwendung eingesetzt werden kann. Die globale Relevanz von Beton wird trotz seiner enormen ökologischen, wirtschaftlichen und sozialen Bedeutung oft ignoriert. Baustoffe sind ein großer Einflussfaktor für den Klimawandel, aber Bauen ist für die soziale und wirtschaftliche Entwicklung unvermeidlich. Daher ist es wichtig, nachhaltigere Materialien zu entwickeln, um Lebensräume und Infrastrukturen zu schaffen. Ein sinnvoller Ansatz, um mit Beton nachhaltiger zu bauen, ist die Verwendung landwirtschaftlicher Nebenprodukte als chemische oder faserförmige Leistungsförderer und/oder als Ersatz von Zement im Bindemittel.
Die nicht ionisierende elektromagnetische Strahlung im Bereich von Terahertz-Frequenzen ermöglicht berührungslose und zerstörungsfreie Mess- und Prüftechnik in zahlreichen Bereichen. Nach ersten Anwendungen in der Astronomie und der Atmosphärenforschung wurden in letzter Zeit Anwendungsfelder in der Sicherheitstechnik, der Medizintechnik, der Nachrichtentechnik und der zerstörungsfreien Prozess- und Qualitätskontrolle erschlossen. Dielektrische Materialien wie Kunststoffe und Keramiken können von Terahertz-Wellen durchdrungen werden. Das ermöglicht Untersuchungen des Objektinneren ohne spezielle Schutzmaßnahmen, wie sie z.B. beim Röntgen notwendig sind. Die Richtlinie erleichtert die Verständigung zwischen Nutzern, Herstellern und dem Vertrieb von Terahertz-Systemen. In der Richtlinie werden bekannte Einsatzgebiete sowie die eingesetzten Verfahren und Funktionsprinzipien aufgeführt, um den Leser bei der Auswahlentscheidung zu unterstützen. Nach einer kurzen Einführung in die physikalischen Grundlagen und Hinweisen zur elektromagnetischen Verträglichkeit, zum Strahlenschutz und zur regulierten Frequenzvergabe werden die verschiedenen Geräteklassen von Terahertz-Systemen ausführlich vorgestellt. Die Richtlinie gibt Hinweise zur messtechnischen Charakterisierung von Terahertz-Wellen. Einsatzgebiete von Terahertz-Systemen, wie die zerstörungsfreie Prüfung, die Dicken- und Abstandsmessung, die Tomografie und die chemische Analytik, werden mit ihren spezifischen Eigenschaften im Detail beschrieben. Umfangreiche Literaturverweise vereinfachen eine vertiefte Beschäftigung mit den Themen der Richtlinie. Eine tabellarische Übersicht mit einer Zusammenfassung, welche Terahertz-Systeme für welche Anwendungsfelder eingesetzt werden können, vervollständigt die Richtlinie.
Bioabbaubare Kunststoffe
(1998)
Recycling vermindert das Entsorgungsproblem von Kunststoffabfall, jedoch entstehen dabei zusätzliche Kosten. Ideal wäre es, wenn Kunststoffprodukte Teil eines biologischen Stoffkreislauf werden könnten, indem Mikroorganismen die Produkte in ihre Grundbestandteile zerlegen. Die BAM wirkte maßgeblich mit an der Entwicklung eines normierten Verfahrens zur Prüfung der biologischen Abbaubarkeit von Kunststoffen. Heute finden sich Produkte aus kompostierbarem Kunststoff im Handel.
Biodegradable plastics
(1998)
Recycling decreases the disposal problem of plastic waste, however this gives rise to additional costs. It would be ideal if plastic products could become part of a biological material cycle where the products could be decomposed by microorganisms into their basic components. BAM has made a major contribution to the development of a standardised method for testing the biological degradability of plastics. Nowadays products of compostable plastic are available in shops.
SMP Tagnologies
(2013)
In Windkraftanlagen oder in Eisenbahnen unterliegen die Materialien hohen Beanspruchungen. Wenn in solchen technischen Systemen Komponenten versagen, kann dies zu hohen Kosten führen. Deshalb müssen sie regelmäßig geprüft werden. In einem Gemeinschaftsprojekt mit mehreren Partnern haben Wissenschaftler der BAM jetzt Prüfköpfe entwickelt, die diese Prüfungen erheblich erleichtern, indem Fehlstellen automatisiert aufgezeigt werden.
Automated MFL inspection
(2013)
The materials making up wind power plants or railways undergo high stresses. Greatly stressed components of technical systems must be inspected regularly, as production or material defects can lead to high costs. In a joint project with several partners, scientists at BAM recently developed new sensors - GMR sensors - enabling automation of MFL inspections (Magnetic flux leakage, MFL).
Mineralische Baustoffe werden aus Baurestmassen, industriellen Rückständen und Verbrennungsrückständen zurückgewonnen. Die Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung (BAM) und ihr Fachbereich Schadstofftransfer und Umwelttechnologien haben mit verschiedenen Partnern den Feinkornbereich fokussiert.
RESOLVED
(2009)
Die Produktion von Solarmodulen ist in den letzten Jahren stark gestiegen. Mit steigender Nutzung der Photovoltaik ist in Zukunft auch mit einem erhöhten Abfallvorkommen aus defekten oder ausgedienten Modulen zu rechnen. Das Recycling dieser Module wird aus ökonomischen und ökologischen Gründen wichtig. Wafer aus herkömmlichen Siliziummodulen lassen sich relativ unkompliziert wiedergewinnen. Bei Dünnschichtmodulen ist das Recycling technisch eine Herausforderung. Das Projekt RESOLVED greift diese Problematik auf. RESOLVED ist ein Demonstrationsprojekt im LIFE-Umweltprogramm der Europäischen Union.
RESOLVED
(2009)
In recent years, the production of solar modules has increased strongly. The amount of waste materials originating from damaged and end-of-life photovoltaic modules is expected to rise because of the growing photovoltaic capacities. The recycling of these modules is of major importance due to economical and ecological reasons. The recovery of wafers from conventional silicon modules is relatively easy to perform. In contrast, the recycling of thin film modules is posing a technical challenge. The RESOLVED project is aimed to present a solution to this problem. RESOLVED is a demonstration project within the EU-programme LIFE-Environment.
SUSAN
(2009)
Die landwirtschaftliche Nutzung von Klärschlämmen ist aufgrund der zum Teil hohen Gehalte an Schadstoffen sehr umstritten und wird zukünftig stark abnehmen. Dies hat zur Folge, dass Klärschlämme zunehmend einer Verwertung zugeführt werden müssen, bei der die enthaltenen Nährstoffe, insbesondere Phosphor, zurück gewonnen werden können. Das EU-Projekt SUSAN hat eine Lösung entwickelt, mit der Klärschlämme in Mono-Verbrennungsanlagen (Anlagen, in denen ausschließlich Klärschlämme verbrannt werden) speziell behandelt werden, mit dem Resultat, dass die Klärschlammaschen anschließend zu marktfähigen, phosphorreichen Düngemitteln verarbeitet werden können.
SUSAN
(2009)
The agricultural use of sewage sludge is highly dubious due to the sometimes high level of pollutants and will be sharply reduced in the future. This means that sewage sludge must be increasingly fed into utilisation schemes where the nutrients, in particular phosphorus, are recovered. The EU project SUSAN followed the strategy that sewage sludge is treated in mono-incinerators (plant incinerating sewage sludge only) and the resulting sewage sludge ash is processed into a marketable phosphorus-rich fertiliser.
Die BAM Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung leistet einen wesentlichen Beitrag, die Gefahren der Technik zu erkennen und ihre Risiken zu minimieren. Für Untersuchungen mit hohem Gefahrenpotenzial nutzt die BAM ein zwölf Quadratkilometer umfassendes Gelände fünfzig Kilometer südlich von Berlin. Hier wurde in den vergangenen Jahren das BAM Testgelände Technische Sicherheit (BAM TTS) errichtet. Die BAM hat damit ein in Europa einzigartiges Versuchsgelände erhalten. Auf mehreren Arealen arbeiten hier Chemiker, Physiker, Ingenieure und Biologen. Die interdisziplinäre Forschung führt zu einer ständigen Weiterentwicklung von Methoden zur Gewährleistung der technischen Sicherheit. Die Ergebnisse aus diesen Arbeiten kommen der Wissenschaft und dem Verbraucher zugute.
The Federal Institute for Materials Research and Testing BAM is responsible for working towards safety in technology and chemistry. It is making a significant contribution to recognising the dangers inherent in technology and keeping risks at a minimum. For experiments of high danger potential BAM uses a test site comprising twelve square kilometres of land situated fifty kilometres from Berlin. Here, BAM Test Site Technical Safety has been built during the past years. As a result, BAM has obtained a test site which is exceptional in Europe. There are several separate test areas to be used by chemists, physicists, engineers and biologists. They work on developing and improving experimental procedures and legal directives aimed at ensuring the safe handling of hazardous materials, chemicals and technical equipment. The interdisciplinary research of the different departments results in the continuous elaboration of methods to ensure technical safety.
Beschichtungen, Klebverbindungen und Kompositwerkstoffe sind auf ihre Haftfestigkeit, Fügefestigkeit oder Verbundfestigkeit zu prüfen. Bisher wurden diese Prüfungen als aufwändige Einzeltests mit der Zugprüfmaschine durchgeführt. Mit einer neuartigen Zentrifuge geht dies nun viel einfacher. Nun wird die Fliehkraft zur Prüfung der Verbundfestigkeit eingesetzt. Forscher an der BAM haben das Prüfprinzip entwickelt. Für die Umsetzung der neuartigen Technologie im Bereich Materialprüfung, insbesondere der innovativen Hard- und Softwarelösungen, wurde die LUM GmbH mit dem Innovationspreis Berlin-Brandenburg 2012 ausgezeichnet.
So test therefore
(2012)
Coatings, adhesive-bonded joints and composites have to be tested for their adhesive, bonding and tensile strength. Until now, these tests have been time-consuming single-sample tests in a tensile testing machine. By means of centrifuge technology, tests are much easier now as centrifugal force serves as testing force. Scientists at BAM have developed the test principle, the implementation of this new technology in a testing device was realized by LUM GmbH. In recognition of innovative hard and software solutions, the Berlin-Brandenburg Innovation Award 2012 was given to LUM GmbH.
SMP Tagnologies
(2013)
Bei der Herstellung hochlegierter Stahlsorten fällt in großen Mengen Edelstahlschlacke an. Diese Schlacke wird bisher nur teilweise wiederverwertet, z. B. als Zusatzstoff in der Zementindustrie. Das EU-Projekt RECARC hat ein Verfahren zur Rückgewinnung metallischer Wertstoffe aus Edelstahlschlacke entwickelt, das auch die Schlackenqualität optimiert. Es leistet somit einen wichtigen Beitrag zur Schonung natürlicher Ressourcen und der Umwelt.
High-alloy steel production generates large amounts of high-grade steel slag. This slag has so far only been re-used to a small extent, for instance as an additive in the cement industry. A method for recovering valuable metallic materials from high-grade steel slags has been developed in the RECARC EU project, and at the same time optimizing the slag quality. The results provide an important contribution to saving natural resources and the environment.
Pyrotechnik
(2009)
Die Pyrotechnik ist ein wichtiges Aufgabenfeld der BAM, denn sie ist zuständig, wenn es um die Prüfung und Zulassung pyrotechnischer Gegenstände geht. Die BAM hat gesetzlich geregelte Aufgaben, sie agiert als Gutachter und sie berät Politik und Industrie. Mitarbeiter der BAM arbeiten in Normungsgremien mit und führen Audits bei Herstellern durch. In den Laboren der BAM werden neben Feuerwerksartikeln auch Airbags und Gurtstraffer getestet, ebenso Anzündmittel und pyrotechnische Gegenstände für Bühnen- und Filmeffekte. Wie die Arbeitsgruppe Pyrotechnik arbeitet und welche Aufgaben sie im Einzelnen hat, zeigt dieser Film.
Pyrotechnics
(2009)
For BAM, pyrotechnics is an important working field. BAM issues approvals for pyrotechnical and blasting accessories and carries out the required tests. BAM acts in the mandatory area, provides expert opinions and advises political authorities and industry. Staff members participate in standardisation committees and carry out audits at producers. Apart from pyrotechnical articles, airbags and seatbelt pretensioners are being tested in BAM's laboratories, as well as igniters and special pyrotechnical articles for stage- and film-effects.The video film shows the working group Pyrotechnics performing their daily work and explains their tasks in detail.
Die moderne Industrie, die Raumfahrttechnologie und die Medizintechnik haben einen großen Bedarf an neuen Hochleistungswerkstoffen. An nichtmetallische Verbundwerkstoffe, Industriekeramiken und medizinische Knochenersatzmaterialien werden hohe Anforderungen gestellt, denn sie müssen extremen Belastungen standhalten. Für die Prüfung dieser neuen Materialien braucht es geeignete Methoden. Die Röntgentopografie ermöglicht es, neue Hochleistungswerkstoffe zerstörungsfrei zu prüfen.
Modern industry, space technology and medical technology place enormous demands on new high-performance materials. These demands are placed on non-metallic composite materials, industrial ceramics and medical bone substitutes because they all have to withstand extreme loads. Testing these new materials needs suitable methods. X-ray topography makes it possible to test high-performance materials using non-destructive techniques.
Transport and storage of radioactive materials are performed in countries with policy of either closed or open nuclear fuel cycle. The related technologies have been established by accumulation of experiences and researches including demonstrative tests using full scale or scale models and analyses. Those are essential before commercialization, but are often costly and time consuming. Such demonstrative works should not be repeated meaninglessly, but can be shared through this kind of book and used by readers and the future generations to advance the technology effectively. This book systematically provides findings from lots of valuable researches on safety of transport and storage of radioactive materials under normal and accident conditions that have an impact on basis of safe regulations, designs, and operations.
Gefahrguttanks im Test
(1997)
Jährlich werden ca. 200 Mio. Tonnen gefährlicher Güter im Nah- und Fernverkehr in Deutschland befördert, mit steigender Tendenz. Davon wird ein großer Teil in Straßentankfahrzeugen, Eisenbahnkesselwagen und Tankcontainern befördert. Tanks für gefährliche Güter müssen zum Schutz der Bevölkerung, der Umwelt und der technischen Ausrüstung zugelassen werden. Bevor ein Gefahrguttransport mit einem Tank durchgeführt werden darf, wird dieser einem umfangreichen Zulassungsverfahren unterzogen. Grundlage dabei sind Baumusterprüfungen, bei denen ein Prototyp verschiedenen Belastungen und Untersuchungen ausgesetzt wird.
Verhüllter Reichstag
(1995)
Der Reichstag ist, neben dem Brandenburger Tor, eines der Symbole der deutschen Einheit. Dieser geschichtsbedeutende Bau wird nun bald wieder seine eigentliche Funktion als deutsches Parlament übernehmen. Die Aktionskünstler Christo und Jeanne-Claude sind durch viele international beachtete und weltweit ausgeführte Aktionen berühmt geworden. Beide Künstler bemühen sich seit mehr als 20 Jahren darum, diesem Gebäude durch eine Verhüllung seine hohe Beachtung zurückzugeben. Das von Christo und Jeanne-Claude erwählte Polypropylengewebe mit einseitiger Aluminiumbedampfung wird mit 100.000 Quadratmetern den Reichstag einhüllen und ihm, selbst bei bedecktem Himmel, eine faszinierende Ausstrahlung geben. Der verhüllte Reichstag wird mit seinem veränderten Aussehen nicht nur den Kunstinteressierten nach Berlin locken. Die zuständigen Politiker haben nach langer und kontroverser Debatte diesem wohl einmaligen Projekt zugestimmt. Die Durchführung im Sommer 1995 bringt aufgrund der Dimension und der Komplexität des Vorhabens einige bau- und materialtechnische Fragestellungen mit sich. Die BAM wurde beauftragt, hierfür ein Gutachten zu erstellen. Die Würde des Gebäudes und die sicherlich großen Zuschauermengen gestatten keine Experimente mit ungewissem Ausgang. Das Gutachten soll gewährleisten, dass seitens des Materials die sicherheitstechnischen und materialtechnologischen Voraussetzungen erfüllt sind.
Wrapped Reichstag
(1995)
Located next to the Brandenburg Gate, the Reichstag is one of the symbols of German unity. This historically important structure will soon take over its actual function as German parliament. Action artists Christo and Jeanne-Claude have achieved international fame for the many remarkable artistic events they have staged throughout the world. For more than 20 years, these two artists have been attempting to give back this building its noteworthy character by wrapping it. The polypropylene fabric selected by Christo and Jeanne-Claude with one-sided aluminisation will wrap the Reichstag with 100.000 square meters of material and give the building a fascinating aura even under overcast skies. With its changed appearance, the covered Reichstag will not only attract people interested in the arts to Berlin. The politicians in charge have approved this probably unique project following a series of lengthy and controversial debates. Due to the extent and complexity of the project, its execution in the summer of 1995 raises a number of questions regarding construction and material technology. The Federal Institute for Materials Research and Testing, BAM, was commissioned to write up an expert opinion for this project. The dignity of the building and the large numbers of spectators expected do not leave room for experiments with uncertain results. The expert opinion shall assure that the safety requirements and the requirements placed on material technology are met by the material being used.
IBCs on fire
(1998)
IBC is short for Intermediate Bulk Containers. The most common IBCs consist of a palette, a plastic tank with a maximum volume of 3000 litres and a simple pipe grid frame. If dangerous goods are transported in it, the IBC must be certified. BAM is the relevant authority for the approval within Germany. An approval contains safety engineering tests, e.g. fire tests, and these tests must prove that the container is suitable for dangerous goods transport.
Der Transport, die Zwischen- und Endlagerung von nuklearem Material ist ein weltweit bedeutendes Thema. Für das deutsche Konzept zur direkten Endlagerung der abgebrannten Brennelemente aus den deutschen Kernkraftwerken wurde von der Firma Gesellschaft für Nuklearbehälter, GNB, der Polluxbehälter entwickelt. Für den Transport muss er den Anforderungen der Rechtsvorschriften über den Transport gefährlicher Güter genügen. Für die Zwischen- und Endlagerung muss er die Forderungen der nach dem Atomgesetz genehmigungspflichtigen Anlagen erfüllen.
The transportation, interim storage and final disposal of nuclar material is a significant subject worldwide. The Pollux container was designed by the firm Gesellschaft für Nuklearbehälter, GNB, to accomodate the German concept of direct final disposal of spent fuel elements from German nuclear power stations. For the transportation task, the container must meet the requirements specified in the regulations for the safe transport of radioactive material. For the task of interim storage and final disposal, the requirements specified for nuclear facilities subject to approval under the German atomic energy act apply.
Reicht die Einwirkung eines Feuers aus, um einen Eisenbahnkesselwagen zum Bersten zu bringen? Hat eine Feuerwehr Zeit genug, um gefahrenabwehrende Maßnahmen einzusetzen? Diese Fragen beantwortete die BAM 1999 nach einem spektakulären Test. Ein Eisenbahnkesselwagen mit einem Volumen von 45 m3 wurde mit 10 m3 Propan teilbefüllt und einem Feuer ausgesetzt. Daneben befand sich ein leerer, fabrikneuer CASTOR. Nach nur 15 Minuten explodierte der Eisenbahnkesselwagen. Teile prallten dabei direkt auf den CASTOR-Behälter, der sich überschlug und 10 Meter entfernt unversehrt in das Erdreich grub.
Spatial light modulators (SLM) can be used for many applications, including imaging and beam steering. With the emergence of THz SLMs being able to control thousands of pixels, the aforementioned applications become feasible for the THz region. The degree of control that can be exerted with a SLM and in turn its usefulness directly depends on the light pattern it creates. The resulting light patterns can be quite different from the intended light patterns, due to systematic and random non-uniformities, especially for large THz wavelengths. Here we present results on the performance of a Germanium based THz SLM. These results enable the efficient application of Compressed Sensing techniques in THz SLM imaging settings.
Microbial induced corrosion (MIC) is a crucial problem in many technical plants as well as fuel tanks, leading to considerable damage and huge financial losses. Successful prevention of MIC requires the localization of first signs of corrosion as well as the identification of factors influencing the corrosion process. In this respect, also the determination of corrosion rates can be of interest for the possible prevention of MIC. Hence, there is a growing need for sensitive and preferably inexpensive tools that enable the early detection of MIC. Of special interest are methods, which provide spatially and time-resolved information and allow the study of changes on metal surfaces as prerequisites for a more detailed analysis of ongoing corrosion processes at a MIC-affected site.
Biofilm formation can lead to changes in pH, oxygen and chloride concentration as well as to the release of certain metal ions like Fe(II) and Mn(II) depending on the type of metal surface involved. Hence, optical methods enabling the detection of these analytes at very low concentration and monitoring of their changes can be used for MIC detection. Here, we propose to utilize polymeric nanosensors for MIC detection via the determination of the local pH value changes in different biofilms. Such nanosensors are known to have several advantages in imaging applications such as intracellular pH measurements including the ease of doping or labeling with a multitude of analyte-responsive and inert dye molecules for the realization of a high analyte sensitivity and ratiometric sensing. Moreover, they can be surface functionalized with target-specific ligands e.g., lectins, for the specific binding to the outer surface of certain types of bacteria. In this respect, different polymer architectures will be studied to identify an optimal candidate in terms of imaging performance in conjunction with several classes of pH-responsive fluorescent dyes like cyanines, aza-BODIPYs, and xanthenes, utilizing different mechanism of signal generation such as photo-induced electron transfer or protonation-induced changes in the spectral position of absorption and emission spectra.
Development of sensitive analytical methods for studies on environmental exposure and effects
(2015)
FLAMMABILITY OF MATERIALS AND ESCAPE TIME FOR INHABITANTS-EXPERIMENTAL AND NUMERICAL INVESTIGATIONS
(2015)
Brandverhalten von WDVS
(2015)
Aktueller Stand der Normung
(2015)
Quality Infrastructure
(2015)
Combination of fast-XANES and SAXS for studying the formation mechanism of maghemite nanoparticles
(2015)
As the interest in rapid and sensitive detection methods is growing, molecularly imprinted polymers (MIPs) are increasingly considered as an alternative to bio-macromolecular recognition units such as antibodies or enzymes due to their facilely tailorable selectivity towards certain analytes or a group of structurally related species. The low production costs, stability, robustness and format adaptability of MIPs combined with the possibility to imprint and thus their ability to recognize a wide variety of target analytes can be potentially useful in chemical sensor applications.[1] With regard to optical sensing technologies, however, MIPs have only been used in considerably few applications, especially in fluorescence sensors. This limitation is basically due to the fact that the incorporation of a fluorescently responding moiety into a polymer matrix is a challenge. One way to overcome this limitation is to use tailor-made fluorescent indicator monomers and thin MIP-shells on silica particles.[2]
Here, we present silica sensor particles with a thin MIP layer which was grown onto the silica surface via reversible addition-fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) polymerization. The homogeneous MIP shell contains fluorescent phenoxazine-urea monomers as signal generation elements. The carboxylate salts of the antibiotic ampicillin (AMPI) and the herbicide 2,4 dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) were used as templates in those studies. In this case, hydrogen bonds are formed between the urea group of the fluorescent monomer and the carboxylate group of the template. To investigate the binding behavior of the MIPs and the control non-imprinted polymer (NIP) particles in terms of discrimination and imprinting factor, titration experiments with AMPI and 2,4-D salts were performed directly in organic solution. In order to study the detection possibilities in aqueous solution, a simple phase-transfer assay using fluorescence spectroscopy was investigated for both analytes.