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There are significant differences in toxicity of PM components and cellular responses that can be linked to adverse health effects. Soot and copper oxide induced toxicity, reduced metabolic activity, increased ROS and altered immune response. Increased ROS generation and mitochondrial dysfunctions are well known features in COPD pathology. Toxicity of individual airborne particles can be used to better understand adverse health effects and improve air quality guidelines.
Development of a Low-Cost Sensing Node with Active Ventilation Fan for Air Pollution Monitoring
(2021)
A fully designed low-cost sensing node for air pollution monitoring and calibration results for several low-cost gas sensors are presented. As the state of the art is lacking information on the importance of an active ventilation system, the effect of an active fan is compared to the passive ventilation of a lamellar structured casing. Measurements obtained in an urban outdoor environment show that readings of the low-cost dust sensor (Sharp GP2Y1010AU0F) are distorted by the active ventilation system. While this behavior requires further research, a correlation with temperature and humidity inside the node shown.
Development of a Low-Cost Sensing Node with Active Ventilation Fan for Air Pollution Monitoring
(2021)
A fully designed low-cost sensing node for air pollution monitoring and calibration results for several low-cost gas sensors are presented. As the state of the art is lacking information on the importance of an active ventilation system, the effect of an active fan is compared to the passive ventilation of a lamellar structured casing. Measurements obtained in an urban outdoor environment show that readings of the low-cost dust sensor (Sharp GP2Y1010AU0F) are distorted by the active ventilation system. While this behavior requires further research, a correlation with temperature and humidity inside the node shown.
The physical and chemical analysis of aerosols using reliable and physically traceable methods is important for the thorough investigation of airborne particles to support a better understanding of their origin as well as their health and climate impacts. Within the European Metrology Research AeroMet project,the aim of hysikalisch–Technische Bundesanstalt’s (PTB) X-ray spectrometry group is to develop and establish traceable and reliable X-ray methods to measure the elemental mass deposition per unit area, the elemental composition,and the chemical binding state of particulate matter supported by a flat substrate. This approach can substantially contribute to support quantitative analytical methods during on-site measurement campaigns where portable Instrumentation is employed by qualifying suitable calibration samples for commercial analytical X-ray instruments and by investigating samples collected during the field campaign.
The transportation sector is one of the largest sources of EU’s greenhouse gas emissions. In 2011, trans-portation represented approximately 25 percent of total EU’s greenhouse gas emissions. Urban mobilityaccounts for 40 % of all CO2emissions of road transport and up to 70 % of other pollutants from transport.As, transportation and mobility play a crucial part both in urban economics and the quality of life, it is ofgreat significance to ensure a low carbon transportation sector, so as to deal with the threat that climatechange poses to urban areas. This study examines the factors that affect the production of carbon dioxide(CO2) as well as of air pollutants, in 9 major European cities, aiming to provide a comprehensive overviewof the actual knowledge on the atmospheric pollution from public transportation systems. CO2emissionsas well as air pollutants, such as CO, HC, PM, NOx are calculated for the diesel and CNG bus fleets of theEuropean cities under study. Finally the environmental benefits, in terms of CO2and CO, HC, PM, NOxemissions reductions, from the penetration of different biodiesel blends (from B10 to B100) to the busfleets are estimated.
Chemical modifications such as nitration and cross-linking may enhance the allergenic potential of proteins. The kinetics and mechanisms of the underlying chemical processes, however, are not yet well understood. Here, we present a size-exclusion chromatography/spectrophotometry method (SEC-HPLC-DAD) that allows a simultaneous detection of mono-, di-, tri-, and higher protein oligomers, as well as their individual nitration degrees (NDs). The ND results of proteins from this new method agree well with the results from an alternative well-established method, for the analysis of tetranitromethane (TNM)- and nitrogen dioxide and ozone (NO2/O3)-nitrated protein samples. Importantly, the NDs for individual oligomer fractions can be obtained from the new method, and also, we provide a proof of principle for the calculation of the concentrations for individual protein oligomer fractions by their determined NDs, which will facilitate the investigation of the kinetics and mechanism for protein tyrosine nitration and cross-linking.
Long term corrosion behavior of clad aluminium materials under different atmospheric conditions
(2013)
Aluminum materials roll-plated on both sides are combinations of metals, which consist of clad layers on a core. To document the long term behavior of roof profiles of Alclad 3004 after long term exposure of about 40 years, evaluations were made at three locations in Germany with different climatic conditions. Locations with typical rural-urban, coastal-urban, and industrial climates were selected. The corrosion progress as a function of time and climatic type could be characterized by cross-sections of roof specimens. To interpret the protective mechanism of the clad layer, the corrosion behavior of Alclad 6025 was characterized by electrochemical investigations. The results show that the passive clad material easily undergoes pitting in media containing specific amounts of chlorides. In case of contact of both cladding and core with an electrolyte the core alloy was protected because of the pitting corrosion of the cladding. This guarantees long-time corrosion protection of constructions like facades or roofs under different atmospheric conditions.