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- 2011 (2) (entfernen)
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- Englisch (2)
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- Atrazine (1)
- Cetirizine (1)
- ELISA (1)
- Environment (1)
- Immunoassay (1)
- Matrix effects (1)
- Pharmaceuticals (1)
- Sorption (1)
- Wastewater treatment plants (1)
Pesticides may contaminate ground and surface waters and one of the major factors governing this property is soil sorption. Sorption can be assessed by batch equilibrium technique which produces lots of extracts with high dissolved organic carbon concentration in which the pesticide concentration has to be determined. We developed an ELISA procedure to analyse atrazine based on polyclonal antibodies (C193) for which tracer structure and dilutions of immunochemical reagents were adapted to fit the purpose. After a 1000-fold dilution (or after an SPE clean-up procedure) extracts of a sewage-sludge amended luvisol (used as an example application of the methodology developed) could be reliably analysed. The Freundlich model is able to describe adsorption for this system (r² = 0.977) delivering a distribution coefficient KF of 1.6 ± 0.2 (mg kg-1) (mg L-1)-N and an isotherm nonlinearity factor N of 0.70 ± 0.09.
Carbamazepine is a psychiatric pharmaceutical widely detected in aquatic environments. Due to its generalized occurrence and environmental persistence it might be considered as an anthropogenic pollution indicator. In this research, a previously developed enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), based on a commercial monoclonal antibody, was applied to the quantification of carbamazepine in ground, surface and wastewaters and results were validated by liquid chromatographytandem mass spectrometry (LCMS/MS).
The performance of the applied ELISA methodology was tested in the presence of high concentrations of sodium chloride and dissolved organic matter. The method was not significantly affected by matrix effects, being adequate for the quantification of carbamazepine in environmental samples, even without sample pre-treatment. This method allows the quantification of carbamazepine in the range of 0.0310 µg L-1, with a relative error lower than 30%. Due to a pH dependent cross-reactivity with cetirizine, an antihistaminic drug, the assay also enabled the quantification of cetirizine in the samples.
The application of the developed method to the quantification of carbamazepine was performed by using environmental samples with very different matrices, collected in the geographical area of Ria de Aveiro, an estuarine system located in the North of Portugal. Carbamazepine was detected in all analyzed wastewater samples and in one surface water with concentrations between 0.1 and 0.7 µg L-1. Validation with LCMS/MS revealed that results obtained by ELISA are 228% overestimated, which was considered highly satisfactory due to the absence of sample pre-treatments.