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Organisationseinheit der BAM
Nicht zuletzt bedingt durch den Pferdefleischskandal im Jahr 2013 wurden in Deutschland die Aktivitäten bei der Methodenstandardisierung im Bereich der Tierarten-Differenzierung in den vergangenen Jahren intensiviert. Wenn auch positive Befunde bei dem Nachweis von Bestandteilen aus Pferd in Lebensmitteln wie Lasagne derzeit so gut wie nicht mehr anzutreffen sind, so hat die Tierartendifferenzierung insgesamt beim Nachweis von Verfälschungen in Lebensmitteln einen hohen Stellenwert.
Diese Arbeit fasst daher den aktuellen Stand der Analytik in Deutschland mit Schwerpunkt bei der Standardisierung zusammen. Sie wurde erstellt durch die Arbeitsgruppe „Biochemische und molekularbiologische Analytik“ der Lebensmittelchemischen Gesellschaft mit Unterstützung von Experten der Arbeitsgruppe „Molekularbiologische Methoden zur Pflanzen- und Tierartendifferenzierung“ (§ 64 LFGB) sowie der ALTS-Arbeitsgruppe „Immunologie und Molekularbiologie“ (jeweils D).
In the field of animal species differentiation, work on standardizing methods has been intensified in Germany in recent years, not least due to the horsemeat scandal in 2013. Even though there are now hardly ever any positive findings anymore in examinations to detect horse adulterations in foods such as lasagne, animal species differentiation altogether ranks high in detecting adulteration of foods. This article, therefore, summarises the current status of analytical techniques used in Germany with standardization at German level. It has been established by the working group "Biochemical and Molecular Biological Analytics" of the Lebensmittelchemische Gesellschaft (Food Chemistry Society within the German Chemical Society) with support of experts in the working group “Molecular biology techniques for differentiating plant and animal species" (§64 of the German Food and Feed Code - LFGB) and the "Immunology and molecular biology" task force of the food hygiene and food of animal origin working group (ALTS), both from Germany.
Work on standardising methods in the field of animal species differentiation has been intensified in Germany in recent years, not least due to the horsemeat scandal in 2013. Even though there are now hardly ever any positive findings any more in examinations to detect horse adulterations in foods such as lasagne, animal species differentiation altogether ranks high in detecting adulteration of foods. This article therefore summarises the current status of analytical techniques used in Germany with standardisation at German level. It has been established by the working group “Biochemical and Molecular Biological Analytics” of the Lebensmittelchemische Gesellschaft (Food Chemistry Society within the German Chemical Society) with support of experts in the working group “Molecular biology techniques for differentiating plant and animal species” (§ 64 of the German Food and Feed Code – LFGB) and the “Immunology and molecular biology” task force of the food hygiene and Food of animal origin working group (ALTS), both from Germany.
To start the large-scale deployment of offshore wind in German waters, the German Federal Ministry for the Environment (BMU) supports the offshore test site "alpha ventus" in the North Sea with a research budget of about 50 million Euro in the next years. The overall objective of the research is to reduce the costs of offshore wind energy deployment in deep water. In order to provide all participating research projects with detailed data, the test site will be equipped with extensive measurement instrumentation.
This research initiative was named RAVE Research at Alpha VEntus and consists of a variety of projects in connection with the installation and operation of alpha ventus. As part of the RAVE initiative, so far the participating institutes and companies have prepared projects on the following topics:
Realization of the joint measurements and data management
Analysis of loads, modelling and further development of the different components of offshore wind turbines
Loads at offshore foundations and structures
Further development of LIDAR wind measuring techniques
Grid integration of offshore wind energy
Monitoring of the offshore wind energy deployment in Germany "Offshore WMEP"
Measurement of the operating noises and modelling of the sound propagation between tower and water
Ecologic research
Mn0.75Ga0.25As crystallites, partially embedded on and fully embedded within a single crystalline matrix of GaAs formed during metal organic vapor phase epitaxy (MOVPE) of Mn-rich (Mn,Ga)As on (001) oriented GaAs wafers. Phase and orientation analysis of these crystallites were performed with scanning nano beam electron diffraction (SNBED). The investigation of plan-view specimens using a liquid nitrogen cooling stage enabled the phase and orientation analysis of partially embedded ferromagnetic a-phase particles. In all specimens the following two orientation relationships (O) between the a-phase particles and the GaAs matrix were determined:
O1:
[1-2.0] Mn0.75Ga0.25As || [110] GaAs and
[10.2] Mn0.75Ga0.25As || [-110] GaAs
O2:
[10.2] Mn0.75Ga0.25As || [110] GaAs and
[1-2.0] Mn0.75Ga0.25As || [-110] GaAs.
The study of cross-sectional specimens enabled the analysis of fully embedded crystallites. It could be unambiguously detected that a fully embedded crystallite has the structure of the atomically ordered monoclinic β' phase. The β' phase crystallite consists of two domains which are related in twin positions to each other. The orientation relations of the different particles are illustrated by color coded stereographic projections.
Metal organic vapor phase epitaxy (MOVPE) of Mn-rich (Mn,Ga)As on (001) oriented GaAs wafers resulted in atomically ordered (Mn,Ga)As crystallites of two morphological kinds, partially embedded on the wafer surface and fully embedded within the single crystalline matrix. While the former were apparently free of defects (other than unavoidable point defects), the latter contained two domains separated by a grain boundary. Since atomic ordering can be modeled by space group symmetry descent considerations (Bärnighausen trees) that start with the space group of the known crystallographic phases of random (Mn,Ga)As alloys with specified chemical compositions, reasonable structure hypotheses have been derived for two atomically ordered Mn0.75Ga0.25As phases that we call the trigonal α' and the monoclinic β' phases. The implications of these structure hypotheses are in agreement with the results of a range of scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM) and parallel illumination electron diffraction (ED) studies that include quantitative energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, X-ray spectroscopic imaging, as well nanobeam diffraction and high angle precession ED. The coexistence of two domains within the fully embedded crystallites is predicted by the corresponding Bärnighausen tree and observed experimentally for the fully embedded crystallites.
Gas source localization (GSL) helps mitigate the impact of industrial accidents and natural disasters. While GSL may be dangerous and time-consuming when performed by humans, swarms of agile and inexpensive nano aerial robots may increase the safety and efficiency of gas source localizations. Since the small payloads of nano aerial robots limit the sensing and computing resources, strategies adapted from biological swarms, such as colonies of social insects, are used to coordinate robot swarms. Most swarm GSL strategies are based on the assumption that the maxima of gas concentrations are sufficiently close to the gas sources. However, prior studies have indicated that the occurrence of “bouts”, a metric for the intermittency of gas distributions, may advantageously be used as a more accurate gas source proximity indicator. This paper presents a swarm GSL strategy employing bouts as source proximity indicators and a bio-inspired pheromone system for communication. Nano aerial robots, deployed in this study, act as agents and emit pheromone markers in an artificial environment upon detecting bouts. Leveraging the concept of artificial potential fields, the agents switch between exploiting the knowledge of the swarm by following pheromone gradients and exploring the search space by targeting a random point. The agents are repelled by each other and by walls to avoid collisions. The swarm GSL strategy is implemented into three nano aerial robots and validated in a real-world experiment in an indoor environment with a single gas source. The results indicate that the the swarm GSL strategy presented in this paper is capable of GSL in indoor environments and that the intermittency of gas distributions is a better source proximity indicator than the mean concentration.