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- Degradation (4)
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- Composite cylinders (3)
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Gas cylinders made from composite materials receive growing popularity in applications where light weight is of advantage. At the same time manufacturers are interested in cutting cost and weight through material reduction for better acceptance of a product, e.g. H2-vehicles. This requires a better understanding of safety relevant properties.
The safety determination of current standards is mainly based on the minimum burst pressure of a few specimens. Various research projects were conducted aiming at reducing minimum burst pressure requirements without compromising safety. No satisfying results were found. While looking at reliability aspects it could be concluded, that the minimum burst pressure of unused specimens is not a satisfying criterion for safety during service life.
This paper introduces first ideas for a method to determine one aspect of reliability of composite gas cylinders, employing probabilistic analysis of burst pressures of a sample of specimens. This can create potential for saving material cost while granting a higher safety level than the current method. Additionally, degradation over service time can be assessed.
The current practice of periodic retesting of composite pressure receptacles primarily based on the hydraulic pressure test has to be evaluated as critical.
This is justified by micro damages caused to the specimen by the test
itself and by a lack of informative values. Thus, BAM Federal Institute of Materials Research and Testing uses a new validation approach in the case of retest periods of more than 5 years. It enables the description of the condition of a specific design type series based on destructive tests parallel to operation. With respect to this approach it is explained how the statistical evaluation of sample tests and their extrapolation to end of life or at least to the time of next retesting can be achieved. In addition, it is explained how the reliability limits may be linked to the size and pressure level of the respective composite pressure receptacle. The frame of this safety Approach includes the influence of the maximum working pressure on the safety assessment.
One topic of this approach is the introduction of the working diagram
essential for safety assessments that allows graphical evaluation of load cycle strength by mean value, scatter and survival rate of samples as well as instruction how to use it. For this, it is explained how the number of filling cycles and the reduction of the respective hydraulic residual cycle strength interacts with the newly introduced value of specific filling sensitivity.
A novel method that optimizes the screening for antibody-secreting hapten-specific hybridoma cells by using flow cytometry is described. Cell clones specific for five different haptens were analyzed. We selectively double stained and analyzed fixed hybridoma cells with fluorophore-labeled haptens to demonstrate the target-selectivity, and with a fluorophore-labeled anti-mouse IgG antibody to characterize the level of surface expression of membrane-bound IgGs. ELISA measurements with the supernatants of the individual hybridoma clones revealed that antibodies from those cells, which showed the highest fluorescence intensities in the flow cytometric analysis, also displayed the highest affinities for the target antigens. The fluorescence intensity of antibody-producing cells corresponded well with the produced antibodies' affinities toward their respective antigens. Immunohistochemical staining verified the successful double labeling of the cells. Our method makes it possible to perform a high-throughput screening for hybridoma cells, which have both an adequate IgG production rate and a high target affinity.