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Eingeladener Vortrag
- nein (67)
The objects of this investigation were sculptures taken from a ca. three hundred years old baroque epitaph of a church in Tonning, a town in Northern Germany. Around 1900 it was found in a disastrous state heavily damaged by wood-worm. At that time, the whole artwork was treated with the tar extract carbolineum as a remedy. Nowadays, this substance has been identified as carcinogenic, and its presence can be perceived by its stench and visually at certain spots on the surface where it has penetrated the covering paint.
A gold-painted sculpture of a massive wooden skull was interrogated with X-rays and fast neutrons to investigate the internal distribution of the carbolineum. The X-ray tomography, with its excellent spatial resolution revealed galleries left over from the worm infestation in the outer areas and cracks in the central region. The golden color coating appeared as a thick and dense layer. In comparison the tomography with fast neutrons, though being of lower resolution and yet unresolved artefacts revealed sections of slightly different densities in the bulk of the wood. These differences we attribute to the differences in the distribution of the impregnant in the wood, visible due to its higher hydrogen content making it less transparent for neutrons.
EFNDT Working Group 5 "NDT Technology for Public Security and Safety", two areas with the same aim
(2014)
The baroque epitaph Reyer (1704) at the St. Laurentius church in Tönning was treated with carbolineum as a wood preservation agent in 1903. The subsequent constant migration of carbolineum through the layers of paint to the surface has had a detrimental effect on the aesthetic appearance of the epitaph. Carbolineum is an oily, water-insoluble, flammable, dark brown mixture of coal tar oil components. Due to its content of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH), which are classified as carcinogenic and harmful to the environment, the use of carbolineum has been forbidden. The aim of the project is to develop an exemplary Conservation treatment (hat will reduce the toxic contents of the historical wooden object. The new method should be applicable to similar objects that are also contaminated with carbolineum. The historic carbolineum was identified by the GC-MS method and the X-Ray computed tomography revealed the biological wood damage and previous restoration measures. Several decontamination methods such as the extraction with supercritical C02, with dichloromethane vapour/fluids, with 1,3-dioxolane or with petrol ether by vaccum impregnation were investigated. This project is founded by the Deutsche Bundesstiftung Umwelt (DBU).
Rare events are understood to be events occurring once in a while but with dramatic consequences. Their occurrence cannot be predicted precisely, only a probability might be estimated, for example from past experiences. However, it might be rather misleading to attempt to describe them by distribution curves that apply for frequent or repeated observations, such as the Gaussian bell shape. Alternative distributions have been introduced to characterise the intervals at which a certain event may occur. It is the aim of technical safety and public security to prevent adverse events. Detectable indications that are typical for their course and are observable have to be identified before an incident occurs. Since they should be characteristic for such cases, they themselves also constitute rare events. The problem encountered in any detection system is that nothing is perfect. As in medical diagnostics, true indications may be missed or false test responses may pretend to be something that does not exist. Balancing missed indications with false positive calls is achieved with the aid of the so-called receiver operating characteristics (ROC). However, with the aid of Bayes’ inference it can be shown that identifying signs of a rarely occurring indication is like looking for a needle in a haystack, even with an excellent detection Approach with a low miss rate and an even lower probability of false calls. The inclusion of additionally available information may lead to a more effective search strategy. When employing imaging methods for detecting flaws or illicit items, the identification of rare indications can be impeded by blurring noise or overlapping items. The identification of the features sought can be supported by including information on their typical characteristics
by regularisation algorithms. The strategy of such an approach is demonstrated in a simplified example with a plain geometric figure (circle) corrupted with structural noise. The shape of the original figure was clearly recovered. In general, search strategies should aim at an indication typical for the event to be prevented; otherwise, alternative approaches have to be considered, including, perhaps, serendipity.