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Nanotechnologien werden gegenwärtig als leistungsfähige Oberflächentechniken in erheblichem Umfange industriell genutzt. Dabei spielen dünne Schichten und deren Kenndaten eine wesentliche Rolle, z.B. als Röntgenspiegel oder optische und magnetooptische Datenträger. Die Schichtdicke zählt hierbei zu den technologisch wichtigen Parametern. Abgeleitet von Anwenderinteressen, werden für die Röntgenreflektometrie (XRR bzw. GIXR), Elektronenstrahl-Mikroanalyse (EPMA) und Röntgenfluoreszenzanalyse (XRF) einerseits und die Ellipsometrie andererseits zugeschnittene Schichtdickenmaßverkörperungen (SDM) entwickelt, gefertigt und untersucht. Das Ziel ist die Bereitstellung praxistauglicher, kalibrierter SDM, im weiteren Schichtdickennormale (SDN) genannt. SDN sind Maßverkörperungen, für die der Schichtdickenwert mit einer definierten Messunsicherheit bekannt und auf ein metrologisch anerkanntes Längennormal zurückgeführt ist. Berichtet wird über die Herstellung und messtechnische Charakterisierung der beiden spezifischen Varianten von Maßverkörperungen.
Three effects have been observed in wet-thermally grown structures under bombardement with energetic 15N ions: (1) Out-diffusion of H from the SiO2/Si system through the surface, (2) Accumulation of H at the SiO2/Si interface, (3) Changes in the optical fingerprint spectra of Ψ and Δ in dependence on λ (wavelength) obtained by ellipsometric measurements.
ICP-MS is a well-established analytical method which excels by high accuracy, high dynamic range and extremely low limits of detection for most metals. Furthermore ICP-MS offers a very high multi-element coverage so that many elements of the periodic table can be detected simultaneously. In this series of lectures, we want to focus on the historical developments, fundamentals, instrumentation and novel applications of ICP-MS in the life and material sciences.
Using digital twins for decision making is a very promising concept which combines simulation models with corresponding experimental sensor data in order to support maintenance decisions or to investigate the reliability. The quality of the prognosis strongly depends on both the data quality and the quality of the digital twin. The latter comprises both the modeling assumptions as well as the correct parameters of these models. This article discusses the challenges when applying this concept to realmeasurement data for a demonstrator bridge in the lab, including the data management, the iterative development of the simulation model as well as the identification/updating procedure using Bayesian inference with a potentially large number of parameters. The investigated scenarios include both the iterative identification of the structural model parameters as well as scenarios related to a damage identification. In addition, the article aims at providing all models and data in a reproducibleway such that other researcher can use this setup to validate their methodologies.
Mobility particle size spectrometers (MPSS) belong to the essential instruments in aerosol science that determine the particle number size distribution (PNSD)in the submicrometer size range. Following calibration procedures and target uncertainties against standards and reference instruments are suggested for a complete MPSS quality assurance program: a) calibration of the CPC counting efficiency curve (within 5% for the plateau counting efficiency; within 1 nm for the 50% detection efficiency diameter), b) sizing calibration of the MPSS, using a certified polystyrene latex (PSL) particle size standard at 203 nm (within 3%), c) intercomparison of the PNSD of the MPSS (within 10% and 20% of the dN/dlogDP concentration for the particle size range 20 – 200 nm and 200 to 800 nm, respectively), and d) intercomparison of the integral PNC of the MPSS (within 10%). Furthermore, following measurement uncertainties have been investigated: a) PSL particle size standards in the range from 100-500nm match within 1% after sizing calibration at 203 nm. b) Bipolar diffusion chargers based on the radioactive nuclides Kr85, Am241 and Ni63 and a new ionizer based on corona discharge follow the recommended bipolar charge distribution, while soft X-ray-based charges may alter faster than expected. c) The use of a positive high voltage supply show a 10% better performance than a negative one. d) The intercomparison of the integral PNC of an MPSS against the total number concentration is still within the target uncertainty at an ambient pressure of approximately 500 hPa.
Microorganisms accumulate molar concentrations of compatible solutes like ectoine to prevent proteins from denaturation. Direct structural or spectroscopic information on the mechanism and about the hydration shell around ectoine are scarce. We combined surface plasmon resonance (SPR), confocal Raman spectroscopy, molecular dynamics simulations, and density functional theory (DFT) calculations to study the local hydration shell around ectoine and its influence on the binding of a gene-S-protein (G5P) to a single-stranded DNA (dT(25)). Due to the very high hygroscopicity of ectoine, it was possible to analyze the highly stable hydration shell by confocal Raman spectroscopy. Corresponding molecular dynamics simulation results revealed a significant change of the water dielectric constant in the presence of a high molar ectoine concentration as compared to pure water. The SPR data showed that the amount of protein bound to DNA decreases in the presence of ectoine, and hence, the protein-DNA dissociation constant increases in a concentration-dependent manner. Concomitantly, the Raman spectra in terms of the amide I region revealed large changes in the protein secondary structure. Our results indicate that ectoine strongly affects the molecular recognition between the protein and the oligonudeotide, which has important consequences for osmotic regulation mechanisms.