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Eingeladener Vortrag
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One-part geopolymers offer advantages over conventional geopolymers with regard to handling and storage of feedstocks. However, they often suffer from a low degree of reaction, a high amount of crystalline byproducts, and consequently low strength. In this study, one-part geopolymers were produced from rice husk ash (RHA) and sodium aluminate, and investigated by XRD, ATR-FTIR, SEM and compressive strength testing. The compressive strength of the material was 30 MPa, i.e. significantly higher than for comparable one-part geopolymers. This is attributed to an almost complete reaction of the RHA and the absence of crystalline byproducts (zeolites) in the hardened geopolymer.
Mit Veröffentlichung der europäischen Normenreihe EN 1504 in den Jahren 2004 bis 2008 mussten in Deutschland die bisherigen nationalen Regelungen für die Instandsetzung von standsicherheitsrelevanten Betonbauteilen angepasst werden. Im vorliegenden Entwurf der neuen Instandhaltungs-Richtlinie wurden die Hinweise zur Planung und Durchführung von Instandsetzungsmaßnahmen aus der Instandsetzungsrichtlinie des DAfStb von 2001 entsprechend überarbeitet und aufgrund neuer Erkenntnisse ergänzt. Außerdem wurde das Regelwerk um Gesichtspunkte der Instandhaltung erweitert, sodass die Aspekte Wartung, Inspektion und Verbesserung nun in Anlehnung an DIN 31051 berücksichtigt werden. Zudem wurden Regelungen aus der ZTV-ING sowie der ZTV-W übernommen. Im ersten Teil dieses Artikels geben wir einen Überblick über die Gliederung und wesentliche neue Inhalte wie die Ausweitung der Instandsetzungsprinzipien.
In einer Artikelserie stellen wir die neue Instandhaltungs-Richtlinie des Deutschen Ausschusses für Stahlbeton (DAfStb) vor. Im zweiten Teil geht es um Betonersatz- und Oberflächenschutzsysteme sowie Rissfüllstoffe. Es werden als Folge des EuGH-Urteils vom Oktober 2014 zukünftig keine Anforderungen an Bauprodukte mit dem Nachweis über allgemeine bauaufsichtliche Prüfzeugnisse gestellt. Stattdessen werden auf Basis der Anforderungen individueller Bauwerke notwendige Merkmale von Bauprodukten für die Instandsetzung definiert. Außerdem wird Teil 3 der neuen Instandhaltungs-Richtlinie "Ausführung der Instandsetzung und Überwachung" vorgestellt. Neu ist hier die Einführung von Überwachungsklassen, die sich aus der Art des instand zu setzenden Betonbauteils (standsicherheitsrelevant oder nicht) und der auszuführenden Arbeiten ergeben, zum Beispiel Instandsetzung oder Verstärkung. Am Ende dieses Artikels wird kurz der 4. Teil der neuen Instandhaltungs-Richtlinie erläutert.
Control chart systems are commonly used in quality management systems to keep production processes stable. The most efficient control chart systems are cumulated sums (cusum), which look at the deviations from a target value. Cusum charts react more rapidly on systematic changes in processes than other charts such as Shewhart charts, which look at the process values. The cusum method is often applied for compressive strength but it is particularly suitable if counteractions be taken immediately, like in the case of fresh concrete properties.
The present study shows that regardless of the manipulation, a steady slump flow can be achieved only by adding supplementary superplasticizer in case of loss of flow and adding stabilising agent (ST) in case of increased flow if the V-mask indicates a systematic change. A reference SCC was artificially manipulated in order to achieve either increased or reduced flowability. Arithmetic mean values and standard deviations were determined experimentally without and after taking counteractions. These parameters were used for case studies of steady SCC productions based on normally distributed random values. For the indication of a systematic change, a standard V-mask was used.
The results point out that productions with applied cusum methods were capable of keeping the slump flow deviation from the target in the order of magnitude of about 1% despite drastic manipulations, while productions without applied cusum method deviated up to 14% and more from the target slump flow value.
Interactions between waste paper sludge ashes and superplasticizers based on polycarboxylates
(2016)
In many industrial nations, about two third of the paper demand is covered by recovered paper. A major process step within the treatment of waste paper is the de-inking. It is a floating process yielding paper sludge as a waste product. About 50 % of this residue is used as a fuel. In several cases it is burnt at temperature of about 850 °C and thereafter the accrued ashes are collected in the flue gas filter. During the combustion, kaolinite and calcium oxide generate gehlenite and larnite. Calcite is the main component of waste paper sludge ash (PA).The chemical and mineralogical composition of PA suggests using it as a supplementary cementitious material.
In modern construction materials technology, workability aspects gain importance, since for most modern materials the rheology and compaction ability are relevant for the operation at a hardened state. It was observed that PA significantly increases the water demand of powder systems, which can cause serious problems during the casting of mineral binder systems containing PA. It is therefore obvious that binder systems containing PA might demand for the use of superplasticizers. Superplasticizers are polymers with anionic backbone that cause electrostatic and steric repulsion effects upon adsorption on surfaces of particles and hydration phases.
In this paper interactions between superplasticizers and waste paper sludge ashes are discussed and analysed. Based on observations of changes in the zeta potential and the dispersion of the particle system, the influence of the charge density of superplasticizers is observed and time dependent effects are demonstrated.
There is a wide range of research worldwide on supplementary cementitious materials (SCMs) such as fly ash and slag for substituting pure cement. Such materials are suitable to be considered in a cementitious system with ordinary Portland cement (OPC) due to their high pozzolanic properties. In addition, majority of the SCMs are said to significantly improve concrete properties especially in terms of increased strength and durability. Unfortunately, the production of such SCMs is not entirely eco-friendly and also limited to certain parts of the world, hence one has to look at alternative options.
The issue of availability of resources is a strong concept that is ever-increasing, and the use of more eco-friendly SCMs in a cementitious system is furthermore attractive. Hence this paper addresses the use of eco-friendly SCMs in concrete such as rice husk ash (RHA). Despite the fact that extensive research has been done on this material, its application in a cementitious system to obtain sufficient concrete properties is still rather limited. In a country like Tanzania, high strength concrete construction is applicable in special construction cases but certainly not a high priority. Majority of construction is still undertaken using normal strength concrete. In a ternary cementitious system consisting of OPC, RHA and other readily available resources such as limestone filler (LSF), normal strength concrete can still be produced having good performance and suitable for regular on-site construction. This paper explains a possible application of obtaining sufficient concrete properties from the available resources.
Industrial wastes (bottom ash, crushed concrete fines, filter residue, paper ash and lignite fly ash) have potential for use in building materials, for instance as raw materials for clinker production, as supplementary cementitious materials (SCMs) or mineral additions in concrete. The properties of the products are dependent on the reactivity of the waste materials used, which can be classified as inert, latent hydraulic or pozzolanic. In this study, waste materials were first characterised. This was followed by theoretical considerations of the mentioned application options. Experiments were limited to evaluation of potential as SCMs and, for this purpose, activity index measurements and calorimetric and thermogravimetric analyses were performed. Finally, the synergetic effects of various waste materials were considered. Paper ash (calcium oxide source) and filter residue (amorphous silicon dioxide source) showed the best prospects for use as cementitious material components.
During the past 20 years, innovative developments in concrete technology have enabled the production of ultra-high performance fibre reinforced concretes (UHPFC) for the protection and preservation of concrete structures. The main characteristics of UHPFC comprise high compressive and flexural strength as well as high ductility compared to normal strength, normal weight concrete (NSC). This paper focuses on the analysis of crack formation and crack propagation in UHPFC under tensile loading under quasistatic conditions by using acoustic emission (AE) and optical deformation analysis (ODA).
AE is a non-destructive technique to monitor the development of micro structural damage processes caused by external forces. In this context, AE allows for a continuous monitoring of changes in the microstructure (cracks) over time and the corresponding localisation by appropriate algorithms. The AE measurements were performed along with ODA at the surface of the samples in order to analyse the deformation behaviour of the samples and the crack propagation.
For the tests, a UHPFC reference mixture was developed and tested with three different volume percentages of steel fibres (1.0 V.-%, 2.0 V.-%, and 3.0 V.-%). This paper shows that the application of AE is a suitable method to analyse the crack propagation in UHPFC specimens under tensile loading and to localise the crack initiation. Furthermore, insights into the failure mechanism of the fibres are offered by the analysis of the signals of the AE measurements, which allows for a better understanding of UHPFC and its general performance.
Hochfeste und ultrahochfeste Stahlfaserbetone eignen sich aufgrund ihrer Eigenschaften für den Einsatz bei extremen mechanischen Beanspruchungen. Das für diesen Einsatz erforderliche duktile Bruchverhalten unter Zugbeanspruchung wird ausschließlich durch die Zugabe von geeigneten Stahlfasern und deren Wirkung in der Zementsteinmatrix erreicht. Für eine gezielte stoffliche Optimierung des Systems sind fundierte Kenntnisse zur Wirkungsweise der Stahlfasern notwendig, die bei bisherigen Untersuchungen lediglich auf Basis von klassischen Messverfahren zerstörender Prüfungen gewonnen wurden. Durch das Einbeziehen von Methoden der zerstörungsfreien Materialcharakterisierung können das Bruchverhalten hochfester und ultrahochfester Stahlfaserbetone orts- und zeitaufgelöst untersucht und die einzelnen Phasen des Schädigungsprozesses identifiziert werden. Anhand der vorliegenden Ergebnisse von Zugversuchen eines ultrahochfesten Stahlfaserbetons wird der kombinierte Einsatz von Methoden der zerstörungsfreien Materialprüfung gezeigt und deren Anwendbarkeit in der Analyse des Bruchverhaltens diskutiert. Das Hauptaugenmerk liegt dabei auf der Charakterisierung der ausschlaggebenden Versagensmodi unter Zugbelastung durch die einzelnen Verfahren und dem Vergleich zu klassischen Messmethoden (z. B. Extensometer). Die Zugversuche wurden dazu parallel durch optische Verformungsanalyse mittels Bildkorrelation (DIC), Schallemissionsanalyse (SEA) und 3-D-Computertomografie (CT) begleitet.
До 1970-х годов производители бетона и ЖБИ определяли свой продукт исключительно как долговечный строительный материал. В последующие годы инженеры-строители ввели такие термины как устойчивость и экспозиция. Современные бетонные технологии учитывают, что определенные строительные материалы (в частности, бетоны) обладают высокой устойчивостью к замораживанию-оттаиванию и расслоению.