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Organisationseinheit der BAM
Zerstörungsfreie Feuchtemessung an Estrichen - ein multi-sensorischer Ansatz mit Methodenvergleich
(2015)
Feuchte und Salz können die Mikrostruktur poröser Baustoffe maßgeblich verändern, oft sind sie die Ursache von sowohl chemischen als auch mechanischen Schädigungen und Korrosion. Im speziellen Fall von Fußbodenestrichen ist gerade die Frage nach der Belegreife für Fußbodenleger von immer wiederkehrender Bedeutung. Dieser Beitrag beschäftigt sich mit den Vor- und Nachteilen verschiedener zerstörungsfreier, feuchtesensitiver Messmethoden und vergleicht die Ergebnisse mit denen der baustellenüblichen zerstörenden Tests. Kapazitive Methoden und Bodenradar scheinen am erfolgversprechensten im Bezug auf flächige Feuchtemessungen, aber auch sie eignen sich derzeit noch nicht als eigenständige, sofort ersetzbare Absolutmessgeräte, sondern eher als schnelle Relativverfahren fürs Monitoring.
AbstractThe correlation between altered extracellular pH and various pathological conditions, including cancer, inflammation and metabolic disorders, is well known. Bulk pH measurements cannot report the extracellular pH value at the cell surface. However, there is a limited number of suitable tools for measuring the extracellular pH of cells with high spatial resolution, and none of them are commonly used in laboratories around the world. In this study, a versatile ratiometric nanosensor for the measurement of extracellular pH was developed. The nanosensor consists of biocompatible polystyrene nanoparticles loaded with the pH-inert reference dye Nile red and is surface functionalized with a pH-responsive fluorescein dye. Equipped with a targeting moiety, the nanosensor can adhere to cell membranes, allowing direct measurement of extracellular pH at the cell surface. The nanosensor exhibits a sensitive ratiometric pH response within the range of 5.5–9.0, with a calculated pKa of 7.47. This range optimally covers the extracellular pH (pHe) of most healthy cells and cells in which the pHe is abnormal, such as cancer cells. In combination with the nanosensors ability to target cell membranes, its high robustness, reversibility and its biocompatibility, the pHe nanosensor proves to be well suited for in-situ measurement of extracellular pH, even over extended time periods. This pH nanosensor has the potential to advance biomedical research by improving our understanding of cellular microenvironments, where extracellular pH plays an important role.
Many microorganisms including free-living and symbiotic fungi weather minerals through the formation of biofilms on their surface. Weathering thus proceeds not only according to the mineral’s chemistry and the environmental conditions but also according to the local biofilm chemistry. These processes can be dissected in experiments with defined environmental settings and by employing genetic tools to modify traits of the fungal biofilm. Biofilms of the rock-inhabiting fungus Knufia petricola strain A95 (wild-type, WT) and its melanin-deficient mutant (ΔKppks) were grown on polished olivine sections in subaerial (air-exposed) and subaquatic (submerged) conditions. After seven months of interaction at pH 6 and 25°C, the fungus-mineral interface and abiotic olivine surface were compared using high resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM). The abiotic, subaquatic olivine section showed a 25 nm thick, continuous amorphous layer, enriched in Fe and depleted in Si compared to the underlying crystalline olivine. This amorphous layer formed either through a coupled interfacial dissolution reprecipitation mechanism or through the adsorption of silicic acid on precipitated ferric hydroxides. Its thickness was likely enhanced by mechanical stresses of polishing. Directly underneath a fungal biofilm (WT and mutant alike), the surface remained mostly crystalline and was strongly etched and weathered, indicating enhanced olivine dissolution. The correlation between enhanced olivine dissolution and the absence of a continuous amorphous layer is a strong indication of the dissolution-inhibiting qualities of the latter. We propose that the fungal biofilm sequesters significant amounts of Fe, preventing formation of the amorphous layer and driving olivine dissolution onwards. The seemingly similar olivine surface underneath both WT and mutant biofilms illustrates the comparably insignificant role of specific biofilm traits in the weathering of olivine once biofilm attachment is imposed. Under subaerial conditions, the absence of water on the abiotic surface prohibited olivine dissolution. This was overcome by the water retention capacities of both the WT and mutant biofilm: the olivine surface underneath subaerial fungal biofilms was as weathered as the corresponding subaquatic olivine surface. Under the studied environmental settings, the effect of fungal biofilms on olivine weathering seems to be universal, independent of the production of melanin, the composition of extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) or air-exposure.
How the rock-inhabiting fungus K. petricola A95 enhances olivine dissolution through attachment
(2020)
Free-living and mycorrhizal fungi are able to enhance the weathering of rock and other solid substrates. Deciphering the exact mechanisms of these natural processes requires their experimental simulation. Moreover, by performing these simulations with genetically amenable rock-weathering fungi, one can knock-out certain fungal traits and consequently identify their weathering-relevant function. Here, the effect of the rock-inhabiting fungus, Knufia petricola A95, on the dissolution kinetics of an Fe-bearing olivine (Mg1.86Fe0.19SiO4) is investigated at 25 °C and pH 6 using reproducible batch and mixed flow experiments. The availability of a melanin-deficient mutant (ΔKppks) of K. petricola A95, which produces more extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) than the wild type (WT), enables the comparative study of the role of melanin and EPS in olivine dissolution. In abiotic dissolution experiments, the olivine dissolution rate decreased considerably over time at pH 6 but not at pH 3.5. This inhibition of abiotic olivine dissolution at pH 6 was most likely caused by the in-situ oxidation of ferrous Fe and/or the precipitation of ferric hydroxides at the olivine surface. In corresponding biotic experiments at pH 6, both the wild type K. petricola and its melanin-deficient mutant ΔKppks solubilised and bound significant amounts of Fe released by olivine dissolution. Fe oxidation and precipitation were thus prevented and olivine dissolution proceeded faster than in the abiotic experiments. By sequestering Fe directly at the olivine surface, the attached wild type K. petricola cells were particularly efficient at preventing the oxidation of Fe at the mineral surface: the slowdown of olivine dissolution almost completely disappeared. The attachment capacity of these wild type cells is most likely mediated by wild type-specific EPS. Our presented experimental systems allow the oxidation of mineral-released Fe and include a rock-inhabiting fungus, thus simulating chemical, physical and biological conditions that set dissolution rates in a way that is relevant to natural ecosystems.
Porous ceramic diesel particulate filters (DPFs) are extruded products that possess macroscopic anisotropic mechanical and thermal properties. This anisotropy is caused by both morphological features (mostly the orientation of porosity) and crystallographic texture. We systematically studied those two aspects in two aluminum titanate ceramic materials of different porosity using mercury porosimetry, gas adsorption, electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, and X-ray refraction radiography. We found that a lower porosity content implies a larger isotropy of both the crystal texture and the porosity orientation. We also found that, analogous to cordierite, crystallites do align with their axis of negative thermal expansion along the extrusion direction. However, unlike what found for cordierite, the aluminium titanate crystallite form is such that a more pronounced (0 0 2) texture along the extrusion direction implies porosity aligned perpendicular to it.