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- POD (4)
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- Zuverlässigkeit der Minensuche (2)
Die übergeordnete Zielsetzung unserer Untersuchung bestand darin,
am Beispiel von Prüfungen mit Ultraschall eine belastbare Aussage zum Einfluss der Arbeitsbedingungen des Prüfers auf die Qualität der Ergebnisse von zerstörungsfreien Prüfungen zu ermitteln und Möglichkeiten zur Minimierung ungünstiger Einflussfaktoren aufzuzeigen.
Der Schwerpunkt der Untersuchung wurde auf die manuelle Ultraschallprüfung gelegt und der Faktor 'Zeitdruck' (in drei Stufen variiert) als die zu variierende physische Einflussgröße gewählt. Die Variation des Faktors Zeitdruck wurde gemäß dem Prozessmodell von der Erhebung psychologischer Faktoren, die das Individuum und die Organisation beschreiben, begleitet.
Die Ultraschallprüfungen erfolgten mit zehn Prüfern am Großbehälter und an Vergleichskörpern mit eingebrachten Testfehlern (Nuten, Risse). Die ausgewählten Fehler waren typisch für Prüfaufgaben, die bei wiederkehrenden Ultraschallprüfungen in Kernkraftwerken von den Prüfern zu lösen sind. Die Prüfaufgabe bestand darin, die in den vorgegebenen Prüfabschnitten vorhandenen Reflektoren aufzufinden und deren Amplituden, Ortskoordinaten und Längenerstreckungen zu ermitteln. Als Bewertungsmaßstab für die Qualität der Prüfaussage und für den Einfluss des menschlichen Faktors diente die Präzision der gemessenen Werte. Die Ergebnisse zeigen einen hohen Einfluss des menschlichen Faktors auf das Prüfergebnis und eine Einwirkung des Zeitdrucks besonders auf die Präzision der Messwerte. Hierbei war die Wirkung des individuell wahrgenommenen Zeitdrucks zusammen mit der psychischen Arbeitsbeanspruchung signifikant. Es wurde unter anderem herausgearbeitet, dass durch eine gute Vorbereitung auf die Prüfung, z.B. durch die sorgfältige Einweisung und ein vorgeschaltetes Fertigkeitstraining an Vergleichskörpern, die Zuverlässigkeit der Prüfergebnisse verbessert werden kann.
Insgesamt hatte der Faktor 'Organisation' neben der 'Erfahrung' einen hohen Einfluss auf das Leistungsvermögen der Prüfer.
Die Projektergebnisse wurden im Abschlussbericht des Forschungsvorhabens SR2514 dargestellt, es wurden drei Empfehlungen zur Vorbereitung und Einweisung der Prüfer, zur Stärkung der Verantwortung der Prüfaufsicht und zum 4-Augen-Prinzip formuliert. Die Empfehlungen wurden in der KTA- Regel 3201.4 'Komponenten des Primärkreises von Leichtwasserreaktoren; Teil 4: Wiederkehrende Prüfungen und Betriebsüberwachung (RÄE Fassung 2010-11)', umgesetzt.
The usefulness and purpose of evaluating nondestructive testing (NDT) systems and their capabilities has changed in the last decade. The conventional method of simply applying a familiar statistical algorithm to say whether the system is usable for the tasks is history.
Nowadays, multiple parameter methods which describe the probabilities of detection (POD) of different systems or real defects need new characteristics and a broader variety of statistical models to describe the true system behaviour. The appraisal of the NDT system involves diverse departments within a company (engineering, NDT-operators, and statisticians), but is, at the same time, more needed and requested than in the past. In this article, an approach is discussed in which professionals from different fields worked well together, accomplishing cost-intensive metallographic studies in correlation with well-understood physical behaviour of NDT-methods as well as deep-discussed mathematical methods to create a holistic evaluation of the technical reliability for a specific radiographic testing (RT) equipment. The first part of the publication will show the comparison between metallographic grinding and the RT indications. An essential innovation over past evaluation methods was the use of a multi-scale smoothing algorithm, which describes physical parameters, which were not used in evaluation like the POD in this way in the past.
In the second part the statistical requirements for the POD take the focus. It can often be hard to make significant statements; especially in the case where only a small amount of data is available. The combination of data and the use of knowledge from simulations are essential. One possible solution will be shown for the RT evaluation. The methodology is used for evaluating the digital RT system for the inspection of electron-beam welds, which was method considered to seal the Finnish copper canisters for the final deposit of spent nuclear fuel.
The reliability investigations are dedicated to throw light on the performance of the NDE system with respect to the required aim. This is especially of interest when it is looked for life damaging objects in the case of mine seeking and when it is even more difficult to distinguish between the different suppliers of methods concerning their actual capability.
In accordance with the conception of EFNDT WG5 and CEN BT 126 CW 07 the authors have the aim to transfer the knowledge in reliability measurement of NDE systems to the reliability measurement of mine detection systems. For this the three basic ways to investigate the reliability of NDE signals will be described. The first way of investigation, the performance demonstration, is preferred e.g. in the US American nuclear power industry. This is an integral consideration of the non destructive test as a system where the whole NDE system is packed in a black box and only the input in terms of the real existing flaws in the component is considered and compared to the output in terms of the indications of the human inspector or of the automated system. The second - the European tradition relies on a standardized description of physical/technical parameters of the NDE system which are preconditions for successful system performance. The third approach - the modular conception - is a marriage of both: The signal chain is cut into main modules.
Each module is assessed in a most appropriate individual way e.g. via modeling calculations. The single results are joint together according to the reliability theory of systems where the reliability of the total system is composed of the reliability of the subsystems. Separating criteria for the system were proposed through a reliability formula developed during a series of European-American workshops on NDE reliability. A further essential parameter especially for demining systems are the repeatability and reproducibility. Their affect on the reliability and its scatter will be investigated. Examples for the ROC/POD approach in terms of the investigation of the reliability of ultrasonic manual testing and for first attempts for the reliability investigation of demining data will be presented.
It will be strongly recommended to apply the ROC/POD and Modular Conceptions to the assessment and optimization of mine seeking systems.
How much information do we need? A reflection of the correct use of real defects in POD-evaluations
(2016)
To evaluate the capability of a non destructive testing system the “truth” of the used defects is essential. But what exactly is the truth of a real defect? And how much information is usable for the study? This presentation gives an overview about an advanced use of multiple metallographic cuts for the POD evaluation. In the presentation an approach is shown where information of metallographic studies are reconstructed and weighted to gain the essential information about real defects and which information are important for the detection with radiographic testing equipment. Furthermore, different connection points are discussed were additional knowledge from simulation and artificial defects can be used to gain additional certainty for the result of the evaluation. The methodology is used for the evaluation for the digital radiographic testing system for the testing of electron-beam welds, which is one possible choice to seal the Finnish copper canisters for the final deposit of spent nuclear fuel.
This paper gives an introduction to the field of human factors with the focus on their influence on the reliability of NDT in the nuclear energy production (in-service inspections) and final storage of highly radioactive nuclear waste. A set of methodological tools has been developed in the scope of three projects, namely: 1) a theoretical model describing potential human factors influencing manual ultrasonic inspection performance during inservice inspections in nuclear power plants; 2) a method for identifying potential human errors during acquisition and evaluation of data gathered with mechanized ultrasonic, radiographic and eddy-current systems, as well as visual testing with a remote camera (Failure Modes and Effects Analysis, FMEA); and 3) use of eye tracking methodology to optimize existing procedures and practices. The experimental results have shown that time pressure, mental workload and experience influence the quality of the inspection performance. Noticeable were influences from the organization of the working schedule, communication, procedures, supervision and demonstration task. Implementing human redundancy in critical tasks, such as defect identification, as well as using an automated aid (software) to help operators in decision making about the existence and size of defects, could lead to other kinds of problems, namely social loafing (excerpting less effort when working on tasks collectively as compared to working alone) and automation bias (uncritical reliance on the proper function of an automated system without recognizing its limitations and the possibilities of automation failure) that might affect the reliability of NDT in an undesired manner.
Currently at Deutsche Bahn (DB) ultrasonic inspections in maintenance procedures for wheelset axles with a bore hole are, to the greatest possible extent, carried out using automated ultrasonic inspection system. Although the acceptance levels are in accordance with DIN 27201 part 7, the testing results have shown in recent years that in the case of true indications, the effective defect sizes were far below the level of acceptance. Due to this experience it can be assumed that the automated ultrasonic inspection systems are testing substantially more sensitively than required. This increased sensitivity leads to an increase in false indications, generally resulting in the unnecessary demounting of wheelsets. In Research cooperation between Federal Institute for Materials Research and Testing (BAM) and DB the effective flaw detection sensitivity of existing automated ultrasonic inspection system will be determined and the true/false indication ratio optimised. Through systematic investigations with the Probability of Detection method on the existing automated ultrasonic inspection system the results could be directly applied to the optimisation of existing ultrasonic inspections of wheelset axles with a bore hole in maintenance procedures and the level of reliability can be considerably increased.
The total reliability of a mine searching system is driven by the triple of intrinsic
capability, which describes the physical-technical basis capability, the application and
environmental factors and the human factors. Some of them can be determined in
laboratory measurements but the human factor and a part of environment conditions
and their interaction with the device need to be treated statistically. That is why the
test & evaluation procedure described in CEN CWA 14747:2003, includes in addition
to parameter tests of metal detectors also the reliability or blind field tests under local
conditions with local personnel. A series of three big field trials had been
accomplished in the ITEP-project 2.1.1.2 Reliability Model for Test & Evaluation of
Metal Detectors to specify the optimum conditions for reliable trial results with
affordable effort. For each set of specific working conditions, characterized in terms
of a combination of one mine type in one soil with one detector handled by local
personnel, the searching system will show up a working performance in mine
detection rates as a function of mine depth and show up a certain overall false call
rate. During the ITEP-trials in Benkovac and Oberjettenberg the authors learnt to
determine this function separately for each mine type in each soil, which is especially
important for low metal mines in uncooperative soil which will be illustrated for the
mine PMA2 in different types of soil. The question of representativeness for field
conditions on the one hand and necessary statistical set up for the possibility to
distinguish between individual detector performances is still under discussion.