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Natural and synthetic estrogens are key endocrine-disrupting chemicals. Despite occurring at ultra-trace levels (below ng L-1), it is believed that they are contributing to an increase in feminized fish and other endocrine disruptive effects, and hence, their inclusion in the Watch list was not unexpected. One of the main sources ofestrogens to surface waters is wastewater effluent. Once in surface waters, they can partition into different compartments, i.e., water and suspended particulate matter. For this reason, there is an urgent need for a methodology to monitor estrogen levels below the environmental quality standards (EQS) set by the Water Framework Directive requirements.
In this study, a precise and accurate gas chromatography-mass spectrometry method (GC-MS/MS) for the analysis of estrone (E1), 17β-estradiol (17β-E2), 17α-estradiol (17α- E2), 17-alpha-ethinylestradiol (EE2), and estriol (E3) in whole water samples with ng L-1 limit of quantification (LOQ) was developed and validated in accordance with CEN/TS 16800:2020 guidelines.
EDC WFD project to deliver reliable measurements of estrogens for better monitoring surveys and risk assessments.
Collaboration between National Metrology Institutes and advanced research institutes from 6 European countries A Balance of expertise: development and certification of RM, proficiency tests / interlaboratory comparison design, method development and validation, standardisation A 3 years project: September 2019- August 2022
Strong engagement with stakeholders (Advisory Group)
The polycyclic musks 6-Acetyl-1,1,2,4,4,7-hexamethyltetraline (AHTN) and 1,3,4,6,7,8-Hexahydro-4,6,6,7,8,8-hexamethylcyclopenta-ɣ-2-benzopyran (HHCB) are widely used fragrances in cosmetics, products of daily care and cleaning products for households and industry. They are in the focus of interest due to their estrogenic potential. Both compounds can be found at low μg/L concentrations in surface water where they are introduced mainly by sewage treatment plants supplied by municipal wastewater. In order to disinfect wastewater in sewage treatment plants or water in swimming pools, chlorine can be added to water as gas or hypochlorite solution. This disinfectant has a high oxidation potential resulting in the formation of disinfection by-products, the estrogenicity and toxicity of which might differ from their precursor. In this work the behaviour of AHTN and HHCB upon treatment with sodium hypochlorite solution was investigated and chlorinated possible disinfection by-products could be identified as well as a carboxylic acids and lactones derived from AHTN and HHCB. The identified species were characterized by GC-MS, LC-MSn and 1H-NMR. The elucidated structures of potential disinfection by-products are verified by X-ray crystallography. Finally the estrogenicity between the parent analytes and generated transformation products were compared. For that task, MCF-7 assay has been chosen for being most relevant to humans. Moreover metabolism studies were carried out using AHTN, HHCB and their disinfection by-products.