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Nach nationalen und internationalen Vorschriften müssen
Armaturen und Anlagenteile für hoch verdichteten Sauerstoff
ausbrennsicher sein. Diese Forderung kann technisch dadurch
erreicht werden, dass sicherheitstechnisch geeignete
nichtmetallische und metallische Werkstoffe verwendet werden.
Für die Auswahl geeigneter metallischer Werkstoffe sind
der Verwendungszweck der Armatur, die Betriebsbedingungen
sowie werkstoffspezifische Parameter zu berücksichtigen.
Einige metallische Werkstoffe besitzen gute Materialeigenschaften,
lassen sich leicht be- bzw. verarbeiten und
sind kostengünstig in der Beschaffung, dürfen aber aufgrund
ihres ungünstigen Abbrandverhaltens in Sauerstoff nicht eingesetzt
werden. Es besteht daher ein großes Interesse, den
sicherheitstechnischen Beschränkungen dieser Werkstoffe
durch geeignete Maßnahmen entgegenzuwirken. Eine mögliche
Lösung stellt die Beschichtung dieser Werkstoffe beispielsweise
mit Keramik dar, um den unmittelbaren Kontakt
mit dem Sauerstoff zu verhindern. Um den Einfluss dieser
Keramikschichten auf das Abbrandverhalten metallischer
Werkstoffe zu untersuchen, wird die im Standard ASTM G124
[1] beschriebene Apparatur und das in der einschlägigen
Literatur beschriebene Bewertungsverfahren verwendet. Die
Ergebnisse zeigen, dass für keramikbeschichtete metallische
Werkstoffe ein Abbrand erst bei höheren Sauerstoffdrücken
erfolgt.
When it comes to higher accuracies, new technologies and real applications in additive manufacturing, there is one topic which cannot be avoided: The material response on the chosen processing parameters and its agreement and correspondence with literature data of the wrought material grade counterpart. In industrial Additive Manufacturing (AM) standards in terms of printing parameters, protection gas atmospheres or powder handling instructions are not obligatory. Therefore, the question must be answered whether the AM process is reproducible and reliable over different printing companies. This was the motivation to realize a round robin test between 8 European printing companies and academic partners. The consortium had printed and tested fatigue and tensile testing bars under plant-specific conditions. A commonly used cast aluminum alloy, AlSi10Mg, was chosen as test material for the PBF-LB/M process. Differences of the results between the partners and the scatter itself were discussed in detail.
When it comes to higher accuracies, new technologies and real applications in additive manufacturing, there is one topic which cannot be avoided: The material response on the chosen processing parameters and its agreement and correspondence with literature data of the wrought material grade counterpart. In industrial Additive Manufacturing (AM) standards in terms of printing parameters, protection gas atmospheres or powder handling instructions are not obligatory. Therefore, the question must be answered whether the AM process is reproducible and reliable over different printing companies. This was the motivation to realize a round robin test between 8 European printing companies and academic partners. The consortium had printed and tested fatigue and tensile testing bars under plant-specific conditions. A commonly used cast aluminum alloy, AlSi10Mg, was chosen as test material for the PBF-LB/M process. Differences of the results between the partners and the scatter itself were discussed in detail.
Zearalenone and its cis-isomer, cis-zearalenone, are nonsteroidal mycotoxins that elicit an estrogenic response upon binding to the estrogen receptor. This study compares the estrogenicity of eleven congeners including novel metabolites as 15-OH-zearalenone, zearalenone-14-sulfate, α-cis-zearalenol and β-cis-zearalenol using the E-Screen assay. Overall, a change in the configuration from trans to cis retains significant estrogenic activity. In contrast, alterations of the aromatic moiety including hydroxylation and sulfation showed a markedly decreased estrogenicity when compared to zearalenone.
Rekonfigurierbare Mikrowellenkomponenten spielen in modernen Kommunikationssystemen eine wichtige Rolle, um den zunehmenden Anforderungen in Bezug auf Funktionalität und Flexibilität der Systeme gerecht zu werden. Für die Realisierung steuerbarer Mikrowellenbauteile eignen sich verschiedene Technologien, wie z. B. die Halbleitertechnik, mikroelektromechanische Systeme (MEMS) oder ferroelektrische Dünn- und Dickschichten. Prinzipiell zeichnen sich ferroelektrische Materialien durch hohe Schaltgeschwindigkeiten, einen vernachlässigbaren Leistungsverbrauch und geringe Prozesskosten aus. Insbesondere ferroelektrische Dickschichten auf Basis von Barium-Strontium-Titanat (BaxSri-xTiCb, BST) stellen aussichtsreiche Systeme für den Einsatz im Frequenzbereich bis ca. 12 GHz dar. Allerdings unterliegt die Herstellung dieser BST-Dickschichtvaraktoren einer Einschränkung: Aufgrund der erforderlichen hohen Sintertemperatur von über 1100°C ist die Anordnung der Varaktoren auf planare Strukturen begrenzt.
In diesem Beitrag wird zum einen die Entwicklung von BST-ZnO-B203 Komposit-Dickschichten zur Verringerung der Sintertemperatur auf 850-900°C präsentiert und die Material- und Bauteileigenschaften der Komposite bzw. entsprechender MIM-(metal-insulator-metal) Varaktoren mit planar strukturierten Varaktoren auf Basis von BST-Dickschichten verglichen. Zum anderen wird die Integration solcher MIM-Varaktoren auf Basis der niedrigsinternden BST-Komposite in LTCC Module aufgezeigt.
Integration of screen-printed tunable BST thick films in LTCC modules for microwave applications
(2017)
Reconfigurable microwave components play an important role in modern communication systems to meet the increasing demands for functionality and flexibility of the systems. Various technologies, such as semiconductor technology, microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) or ferroelectric thin and thick films, are suitable for the realization of tunable microwave components. Ferroelectric materials are characterized by high tuning speeds, negligible power consumption and low manufacturing costs. In particular, ferroelectric thick films based on barium strontium titanate (BaxSr1-xTiO3, BST) are promising systems for use in the frequency range up to approx. 12 GHz. However, due to the high sintering temperatures above 1100°C for pure BST thick films, the fabrication of tunable components based on silver or gold electrodes is limited to planar structures, which are applied after the sintering process.
In this presentation, it will be shown the development of BST-ZnO-B2O3 composite materials for reducing the sintering temperature to 850-900°C. Furthermore, the material and component properties of these composites or rather corresponding MIM (metal-insulator-metal) varactors are presented and compared to planar-structured varactors. The LTCC integration potential of such fully screen-printed MIM varactors based on the developed low sintering BST composites are investigated by the fabrication of phase shifters embedded in LTCC modules.
Implementation of Ba0.6Sr0.4TiO3-ZnO-B2O3 based tunable microwave phase shifters in LTCC technology
(2017)
Tunable dielectric Ba0.6Sr0.4TiO3-ZnO-B2O3 thick-films were analyzed regarding their integration potential into the LTCC technology. Therefore, tunable loaded line phase shifters based on metal-insulator-metal varactors with single- and double- printed BST thick-films were fabricated and co-sintered inside a four layer LTCC module. Microstructural and chemical investigations showed a sufficient compatibility and adhesion between the silver, BST composite and LTCC layers and a resulting morphology depending on the processing route. The microwave characterization of the LTCC-embedded phase shifters revealed comparable results to phase shifters with the same design on alumina substrates.
The round robin test investigated the reliability users can expect for AlSi10Mg additive manufactured specimens by laser powder bed fusion through examining powder quality, process parameter, microstructure defects, strength and fatigue. Besides for one outlier, expected static material properties could be found. Optical microstructure inspection was beneficial to determine true porosity and porosity types to explain the occurring scatter in properties. Fractographic analyses reveal that the fatigue crack propagation starts at the rough as-built surface for all specimens. Statistical analysis of the scatter in fatigue using statistical derived safety factors concludes that at a stress of 36.87 MPa the fatigue limit of 107 cycles could be reached for all specimen with a survival probability of 99.999 %.
Adiabatic compression testing of components in gaseous oxygen is a test method that is utilized worldwide and is commonly required to qualify a component for ignition tolerance under its intended service. This testing is required by many industry standards organizations and government agencies; however, a thorough evaluation of the test parameters and test system influences on the thermal energy produced during the test has not yet been performed. This paper presents a background for adiabatic compression testing and discusses an approach to estimating potential differences in the thermal profiles produced by different test laboratories. A "thermal profile test fixture" (TPTF) is described that is capable of measuring and characterizing the thermal energy for a typical pressure shock by any test system. The test systems at Wendell Hull and Associates, Inc., in the United States and at the BAM Federal Institute for Materials Research and Testing in Germany are compared in this manner and some of the data obtained are presented. The paper also introduces a new way of comparing the test method to idealized processes to perform system-by-system comparisons. Thus, the paper introduces an "idealized severity index" (ISI) of the thermal energy to characterize a rapid pressure surge. From the TPTF data a "test severity index" can also be calculated so that the thermal energies developed by different test systems can be compared to each other and to the ISI for the equivalent isentropic process. Finally, a "service severity index" is introduced to characterize the thermal energy of actual service conditions. This paper is the second in a series of publications planned on the subject of adiabatic compression testing.