Filtern
Dokumenttyp
Schlagworte
- BAM-Zulassung (2)
- CE-Kennzeichnung (2)
- Deponieverordnung (2)
- Geokunststoffe (2)
- Evolution (1)
- Glass transition (1)
- Interface (1)
- Microbe (1)
- Multicellularity (1)
- Nanocalorimetry (1)
Organisationseinheit der BAM
Recent advances in vacuum sciences and applications are reviewed. Novel optical interferometer cavity devices enable pressure measurements with ppm accuracy. The innovative dynamic vacuum standard allows for pressure measurements with temporal resolution of 2 ms. Vacuum issues in the construction of huge ultra-high vacuum devices worldwide are reviewed. Recent advances in surface science and thin films include new phenomena observed in electron transport near solid surfaces as well as novel results on the properties of carbon nanomaterials. Precise techniques for surface and thin-film characterization have been applied in the conservation technology of cultural heritage objects and recent advances in the characterization of biointerfaces are presented. The combination of various vacuum and atmospheric-pressure techniques enables an insight into the complex phenomena of protein and other biomolecule conformations on solid surfaces. Studying these phenomena at solid–liquid interfaces is regarded as the main issue in the development of alternative techniques for drug delivery, tissue engineering and thus the development of innovative techniques for curing cancer and cardiovascular diseases. A review on recent advances in plasma medicine is presented as well as novel hypotheses on cell apoptosis upon treatment with gaseous plasma. Finally, recent advances in plasma nanoscience are illustrated with several examples and a roadmap for future activities is presented.
While sociality is present in a taxonomically diverse number of species, most animals remain solitary (Bourke, 2011). Over the last centuries, this apparent imbalance in social and non-social animals has led to a great deal of research aimed at shedding light on the biotic and abiotic factors explaining the emergence and maintenance of sociality in nature (West et al., 2015).
Among them, microbes were quickly identified as a major problem for the evolution of social life, because frequent contact between group members typically facilitates the transmission of pathogens, high nest fidelity favours the establishment of microbial pathogens close to their social hosts and, finally, because social groups often exhibit limited genetic diversity and thus limited genetic resistance against certain pathogen strains (Schmid-Hempel, 1998; Cremer et al., 2007). However, this long-standing view has changed considerably over the last few years. Recent research indeed revealed that group living may be more effective than solitary living to Limit the risk of infection by pathogenic microbes because group living also allows the development of an additional layer of defence against pathogens in the form of social immunity (Cremer et al., 2007; Cotter and Kilner, 2010). Under strong pressure from pathogens, microbes could therefore promote, rather than hinder, the evolutionary transition from solitary to group Living (Meunier, 2015; Biedermann and Rohlfs, 2017). Moreover, we are increasingly aware that many microbes provide essential benefits to their hosts by performing critical digestive, physiological, and reproductive functions (Engel and Moran, 2013; McFall-Ngai et al., 2013). The need to Access beneficial microbes may thus have played a role in the expression of frequent and tight interactions between conspecifics and ultimately promoted social evolution (Wilson, 1971; Onchuru et al., 2018). Finally, a growing number of studies suggest that microbes could enforce the Aggregation and expression of cooperative behaviours of the hosts to increase their chance of reaching new hosts and may therefore be involved in the evolution of host sociality (Lewin-Epstein et al., 2017) (but see Johnson and Foster, 2018).
Im ersten Teil dieses Aufsatzes wurde gezeigt, dass nur ein Teil der für den Deponiebau wesentlichen technischen Eigenschaften in den europäisch harmonisierten Bauproduktnormen DIN EN 13252 und DIN EN 13257, die der CE-Kennzeichnung der Geotextilien (GTX) und geotextilverwandten Produkte (GTP) zugrunde liegen, erfasst werden. Um eine im Wesentlichen vorhandene Gleichwertigkeit der Produkteigenschaften überhaupt abwägen zu können, müssen aber sämtliche relevanten Eigenschaften bekannt sein. Dies erfordert für CE-gekennzeichnete Produkte zusätzliche Prüfungen auf der Grundlage der DepV-Liste der Kriterien und Einwirkmechanismen (Anhang 1, Nummer 2.1.1, DepV). In diesem Teil werden die Tabellen C1 und C2 sowie die Tabelle D aus dem ersten Teil, in denen die Eigenschaften der harmonisierten europäischen Normen (hEN) den Anforderungen der DepV gegenübergestellt wurden, in technischer Hinsicht näher erläutert.
In absehbarer Zeit werden CE-gekennzeichnete Geovliesstoffe, Geogewebe, geosynthetische Dränelemente und Geogitter aus Kunststoff erhältlich sein, bei denen die CE-Leistungserklärung den Hinweis enthält 'dauerhaft für bis zu 100 Jahre' oder sogar 'dauerhaft für mindestens 100 Jahre'. Hersteller, Bauherren, Planer und zuständige Behörden werden sich daher die Frage stellen, ob diese Produkte auf der Grundlage von Anhang 1 Nummer 2.1 Satz 7 Ziffer 1 der Deponieverordnung (DepV) im Deponiebau auch ohne Zulassung verwendet werden dürfen. Ein Vergleich der europäisch harmonisierten Bauproduktnormen DIN EN 13252 und DIN EN 13257, die der CE-Kennzeichnung der Geotextilien und geotextilverwandten Produkte zugrunde liegen, mit den Anforderungen der DepV zeigt nun aber, dass nur ein Teil der für den Deponiebau wesentlichen technischen Eigenschaften in diesen Normen erfasst werden. Daher sind für CE gekennzeichnete Produkte zusätzliche Prüfungen auf der Grundlage der DepV-Liste der Kriterien und Einwirkmechanismen erforderlich. Die in den Produktnormen beschriebene Qualitätssicherung ist nach Anhang 1 Nummer 2 Satz 14 ff der DepV ebenfalls für die Gleichwertigkeit nicht ausreichend. Eine CE-Kennzeichnung ist deshalb noch kein Nachweis, dass die Produkte dem Stand der Technik nach der DepV entsprechen und die Eigenschaften der Produkte den geforderten Eigenschaften im Wesentlichen gleichwertig sind, auch wenn mit Bezug auf den Anhang B der genannten Normen deren Dauerhaftigkeit für 100 Jahre vom Hersteller deklariert wird.----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
In the near future, CE-marked woven and nonwoven geotextiles, geocomposite drains and geogrids will be available on the market, whose declaration of performance will contain the qualification 'predicted service life up to 100 years' or even 'predicted service life minimum 100 years'. Manufacturer, principals and their design engineers as well as the responsible authorities will have to deal with the question, whether such products can be used on the basis of Annex 1, no. 2.1, sentence 7, cipher 1 of the German landfill ordinance (DepV) as components of landfill liner and capping systems. A comparison of the harmonized European standards hEN 13252 and 13257, on which the CE-marking of geotextiles and geotextile-related products is based, with the DepV, shows that only a few of the essential technical characteristics actually relevant for landfill constructions are considered in these standards. Therefore, additional tests based on the DepV-list of criteria and mechanisms of action are necessary for CE-marked products. Requirements on quality managements in the hEN are likewise not adequate for essential equivalence with respect to annex 1, No. 2.1, sentence 14 ff, DepV. Therefore, CE-marking is actually no proof of the fulfilment of the state of the techno logy according to the DepV and of the essential equivalence of product properties to the required properties, albeit the declaration of performance indicates a predicted service life of 100 years.
In the recent years, highly crosslinked plasma polymers have started to unveil their potential in numerous biomedical applications in thin-films form. However, conventional diagnostic methods often fail due to their diverse molecular dynamics conformations. Here, glassy dynamics and the melting transition of thin PEO-like plasma assisted deposited (ppPEO) films (thickness 100 nm) were In situ studied by a combination of specific heat spectroscopy, utilizing pJ/K sensitive AC-calorimeter chip, and composition analytical techniques. Different crosslinking densities were obtained by different plasma powers during the deposition of the films. Glassy dynamics was observed for all values of the plasma power. It was found that the glassy dynamics slows down with increasing the plasma power. Moreover, the underlying relaxation time spectra broaden indicating that the molecular motions become more heterogeneous with increasing plasma power. In a second set of experiment, the melting behavior of the ppPEO films was studied. The melting temperature of ppPEO was found to be decreasing with increasing plasma power. This was explained by a decrease of the order in the crystals due to formation of chemical defects during the plasma process.