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Data set of low-field NMR spectra of continuous synthesis of nitro-4’-methyldiphenylamine (MNDPA). 1H spectra (43 MHz) were recorded as single scans.
Two different approaches for the generation of artificial neural networks training data for the prediction of reactant concentrations were used: (i) Training data based on combinations of measured pure component spectra and (ii) Training data based on a spectral model.
Synthetic low-field NMR spectra
First 4 columns in MAT-files represent component areas of each reactant within the synthetic mixture spectrum.
Xi (“pure component spectra dataset”)
Xii (“spectral model dataset”)
Experimental low-field NMR spectra from MNDPA-Synthesis
This data set represents low-field NMR-spectra recorded during continuous synthesis of nitro-4’-methyldiphenylamine (MNDPA). Reference values from high-field NMR results are included.
In case study one of the CONSENS project, two aromatic substances were coupled by a lithiation reaction, which is a prominent example in pharmaceutical industry. The two aromatic reactants (Aniline and o-FNB) were mixed with Lithium-base (LiHMDS) in a continuous modular plant to produce the desired product (Li-NDPA) and a salt (LiF). The salt precipitates which leads to the formation of particles. The feed streams were subject to variation to drive the plant to its optimum.
The uploaded data comprises the results from four days during continuous plant operation time. Each day is denoted from day 1-4 and represents the dates 2017-09-26, 2017-09-28, 2017-10-10, 2017-10-17.
In the following the contents of the files are explained.
Monitoring specific chemical properties is the key to chemical process control. Today, mainly optical online methods are applied, which require time- and cost-intensive calibration effort. NMR spectroscopy, with its advantage being a direct comparison method without need for calibration, has a high potential for closed-loop process control while exhibiting short set-up times. Compact NMR instruments make NMR spectroscopy accessible in industrial and rough environments for process monitoring and advanced process control strategies.
We present a fully automated data analysis approach which is completely based on physically motivated spectral models as first principles information (Indirect Hard Modelling – IHM) and applied it to a given pharmaceutical lithiation reaction in the framework of the European Union’s Horizon 2020 project CONSENS. Online low-field NMR (LF NMR) data was analysed by IHM with low calibration effort, compared to a multivariate PLS-R (Partial Least Squares Regression) approach, and both validated using online high-field NMR (HF NMR) spectroscopy.
Compact nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) instruments make NMR spectroscopy and relaxometry accessible in industrial and harsh environments for reaction characterization and process control. Robust field integration of NMR systems have to face explosion protection or integration into process control systems with short set-up times. This paves the way for industrial automation in real process environments.
The design of failsafe, temperature and pressure resistant flow through cells along with their NMR-specific requirements is an essential cornerstone to enter industrial production plants and fulfill explosion safety requirements. Additionally, if fast reactions are monitored, suitable mixing devices need to be placed in close vicinity to the measuring volume to mix the reactants properly.
NMR-specific requirements aim at full quantitative pre-magnetization and acquisition with maximum sensitivity while reducing sample transfer times and dwell-times. All parameters are individually dependent on the applied NMR instrument.
Luckily, an increasing number of applications are reported together with an increasing variety of commercial equipment. However, these contributions have to be reviewed thoroughly.
The performance of sample flow cells commonly used in online analytics and especially for low-field NMR spectroscopy was experimentally and theoretically investigated by 1H-NMR experiments and numerical simulations. Especially, the applicability of 3D printed zirconium dioxide for innovative flow cell designs was of interest. Here, we demonstrate and discuss an automated test method to determine the critical parameters of flow through cells for quantitative online NMR spectroscopy. The setup is based on randomized setpoints of flow rates in order to reduce temperature related effects. Five flow cells and tubing were assessed and compared for high-field as well as low-field NMR spectrometers.
Monitoring chemical reactions is the key to chemical process control. Today, mainly optical online methods are applied, which require excessive calibration effort. NMR spectroscopy has a high potential for direct loop process control while exhibiting short set-up times. Compact NMR instruments make NMR spectroscopy accessible in industrial and harsh environ¬ments for advanced process monitoring and control, as demonstrated within the European Union’s Horizon 2020 project CONSENS.
We present a range of approaches for the automated spectra analysis moving from conventional multivariate statistical approach, (i.e., Partial Least Squares Regression) to physically motivated spectral models (i.e., Indirect Hard Modelling and Quantum Mechanical calculations). By using the benefits of traditional qNMR experiments data analysis models can meet the demands of the PAT community (Process Analytical Technology) regarding low calibration effort/calibration free methods, fast adaptions for new reactants or derivatives and robust automation schemes.
Flexible automation with compact NMR spectroscopy for continuous production of pharmaceuticals
(2019)
Modular plants using intensified continuous processes represent an appealing concept for the production of pharmaceuticals. It can improve quality, safety, sustainability, and profitability compared to batch processes; besides, it enables plug-and-produce reconfiguration for fast product changes. To facilitate this flexibility by real-time quality control, we developed a solution that can be adapted quickly to new processes and is based on a compact nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectrometer. The NMR sensor is a benchtop device enhanced to the requirements of automated chemical production including robust evaluation of sensor data. Beyond monitoring the product quality, online NMR data was used in a new iterative optimization approach to maximize the plant profit and served as a reliable reference for the calibration of a near-infrared (NIR) spectrometer. The overall approach
was demonstrated on a commercial-scale pilot plant using a metal-organic reaction with pharmaceutical relevance.
Modular plants using intensified continuous processes represent an appealing concept to produce pharmaceuticals. It can improve quality, safety, sustainability, and profitability compared to batch processes, and it enables plug-and-produce reconfiguration for fast product changes. To facilitate this flexibility by real-time quality control, we developed a solution that can be adapted quickly to new processes and includes a compact Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) spectrometer for online quality monitoring as well as a new model-based control approach. The NMR sensor is a benchtop device enhanced to the requirements of automated chemical production including ro-bust evaluation of sensor data.
Here, we present alternatives for the quantitative determination of the analytes using modular, physically motivated models. These models can be adapted to new substances solely by the use of their corresponding pure component spectra, which can either be derived from experimental spectra as well as from quantum mechanical models or NMR predictors. Modular means that spec-tral models can simply be exchanged together with alternate reagents and products. Beyond that, we comprehensively calibrated an NIR spectrometer based on online NMR process data for the first time within an industrial plant. The integrated solution was developed for a metal organic reac-tion running on a commercial-scale modular pilot plant and it was tested under industrial conditions.
There have been an increasing number of publications on flow chemistry applications of compact NMR. Despite this, there is so far no comprehensive workflow for the technical design of flow cells. Here, we present an approach that is suitable for the design of an NMR flow cell with an integrated static mixing unit. This design moves the mixing of reactants to the active NMR detection region within the NMR instrument, presenting a feature that analyses chemical reactions faster (5–120 s region) than other common setups. During the design phase, the targeted mixing homogeneity of the components was evaluated for different types of mixing units based on CFD simulation. Subsequently, the flow cell was additively manufactured from ceramic material and metal tubing. Within the targeted working mass flow range, excellent mixing properties as well as narrow line widths were confirmed in validation experiments, comparable to common glass tubes.
Calibration-Free Chemical Process and Quality Control Units as Enablers for Modular Production
(2021)
Modular chemical production is a tangible translation of the digital transformation of the process industry for specialty chemicals. In particular, it enables the speeding-up of process development and thus a quicker time to market by flexibly connecting and orchestrating standardised physical modules and bringing them to life (i.e., parameterising them) with digitally accumulated process knowledge.
We focus on the specific challenges of chemical process and quality control, which in its current form is not well suited for modular production and provide possible approaches and examples of the change towards direct analytical methods, analytical model transfer or machine-supported processes.
Industry 4.0 is all about interconnectivity, sensor-enhanced process control, and data-driven systems. Process analytical technology (PAT) such as online nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy is gaining in importance, as it increasingly contributes to automation and digitalization in production. In many cases up to now, however, a classical evaluation of process data and their transformation into knowledge is not possible or not economical due to the insufficiently large datasets available. When developing an automated method applicable in process control, sometimes only the basic data of a limited number of batch tests from typical product and process development campaigns are available. However, these datasets are not large enough for training machine-supported procedures. In this work, to overcome this limitation, a new procedure was developed, which allows physically motivated multiplication of the available reference data in order to obtain a sufficiently large dataset for training machine learning algorithms. The underlying example chemical synthesis was measured and analyzed with both application-relevant low-field NMR and high-field NMR spectroscopy as reference method. Artificial neural networks (ANNs) have the potential to infer valuable process information already from relatively limited input data. However, in order to predict the concentration at complex conditions (many reactants and wide concentration ranges), larger ANNs and, therefore, a larger Training dataset are required. We demonstrate that a moderately complex problem with four reactants can be addressed using ANNs in combination with the presented PAT method (low-field NMR) and with the proposed approach to generate meaningful training data.
Mass Spectrometry (MS) and Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy (NMR) are valuable analytical and quality control methods for most industrial chemical processes as they provide information on the concentrations of individual compounds and by-products. These processes are traditionally carried out manually and by a specialist, which takes a substantial amount of time and prevents their utilization for real-time closed-loop process control. This paper presents recent advances from two projects that use Artificial Neural Networks (ANNs) to address the challenges of automation and performance-efficient realizations of MS and NMR. In the first part, a complete toolchain has been realized to develop simulated spectra and train ANNs to identify compounds in MS. In the second part, a limited number of experimental NMR spectra have been augmented by simulated spectra, to train an ANN with better prediction performance and speed than state-of-the-art analysis. These results suggest that, in the context of the digital transformation of the process industry, we are now on the threshold of a strongly simplified use of MS and MRS and the accompanying data evaluation by machine-supported procedures, and can utilize both methods much wider for reaction and process monitoring or quality control.
Mass Spectrometry (MS) and Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy (NMR) are critical components of every industrial chemical process as they provide information on the concentrations of individual compounds and by-products. These processes are carried out manually and by a specialist, which takes a substantial amount of time and prevents their utilization for real-time closed-loop process control. This paper presents recent advances from two projects that use Artificial Neural Networks (ANNs) to address the challenges of automation and performance-efficient realizations of MS and NMR. In the first part, a complete toolchain has been developed to develop simulated spectra and train ANNs to identify compounds in MS. In the second part, a limited number of experimental NMR spectra have been augmented by simulated spectra to train an ANN with better prediction performance and speed than state-of-theart analysis. These results suggest that, in the context of the digital transformation of the process industry, we are now on the threshold of a possible strongly simplified use of MS and MRS and the accompanying data evaluation by machine-supported procedures, and can utilize both methods much wider for reaction and process monitoring or quality control.
Mass Spectrometry (MS) and Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy (NMR) are critical components of every industrial chemical process as they provide information on the concentrations of individual compounds and by-products. These processes are carried out manually and by a specialist, which takes a substantial amount of time and prevents their utilization for real-time closed-loop process control. This paper presents recent advances from two projects that use Artificial Neural Networks (ANNs) to address the challenges of automation and performance-efficient realizations of MS and NMR. In the first part, a complete toolchain has been developed to develop simulated spectra and train ANNs to identify compounds in MS. In the second part, a limited number of experimental NMR spectra have been augmented by simulated spectra to train an ANN with better prediction performance and speed than state-of-theart analysis. These results suggest that, in the context of the digital transformation of the process industry, we are now on the threshold of a possible strongly simplified use of MS and MRS and the accompanying data evaluation by machine-supported procedures, and can utilize both methods much wider for reaction and process monitoring or quality control.
The goal of this work is to identify the optimal operating input for a lithiation reaction that is performed in a highly innovative pilot scale continuous flow chemical plant in an industrial environment, taking into account the process and safety constraints. The main challenge is to identify the optimum operation in the absence of information about the reaction mechanism and the reaction kinetics. We employ an iterative real-time optimization scheme called modifier adaptation with quadratic approximation (MAWQA) to identify the plant optimum in the presence of plant-model mismatch and measurement noise. A novel NMR PAT-sensor is used to measure the concentration of the reactants and of the product at the reactor outlet. The experiment results demonstrate the capabilities of the iterative optimization using the MAWQA algorithm in driving a complex real plant to an economically optimal operating point in the presence of plant-model mismatch and of process and measurement uncertainties.
Already Analyzing or Still Calibrating? - Demonstration of an online NMR analyzer in pilot scale
(2018)
The departure from the current automation landscape to next generation automation concepts for the process industry has already begun. Smart functions of sensors simplify their use and enable plug-and-play integration, even though they may appear to be more complex at first sight. Monitoring specific information (i.e., “chemical” such as physico-chemical properties, chemical reactions, etc.) is the key to “chemical” process control. Here we introduce our smart online NMR sensor module provided in an explosion proof housing as example.
Due to NMR spectroscopy as an “absolute analytical comparison method”, independent of the matrix, it runs with extremely short set-up times in combination with “modular” spectral models. Such models can simply be built upon pure component NMR spectra within a few hours (i.e., assignment of the NMR signals to the components) instead of tedious calibrations runs. We present a range of approaches for the automated spectra analysis moving from statistical approach, (i.e., Partial Least Squares Regression) to physically motivated spectral models (i.e., Indirect Hard Modelling and Quantum Mechanical calculations).
Based on concentration measurements of reagents and products by the NMR analyzer a continuous production and direct loop process control were successfully realized for several validation runs in a modular industrial pilot plant and compared to conventional analytical methods (HPLC, near infrared spectroscopy). The NMR analyser was developed for an intensified industrial process funded by the EU’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme (“Integrated CONtrol and SENsing”, www.consens-spire.eu).
The departure from the current automation landscape to next generation automation concepts for the process industry has already begun. Smart functions of sensors simplify their use and enable plug-and-play integration, even though they may appear to be more complex at first sight. Monitoring specific information (i.e., “chemical” such as physico-chemical properties, chemical reactions, etc.) is the key to “chemical” process control. Here we introduce our smart online NMR sensor module used for process characterisation and optimisation.
Due to NMR spectroscopy as an “absolute analytical comparison method”, independent of the matrix, it runs with extremely short set-up times in combination with “modular” spectral models. Such models can simply be built upon pure component NMR spectra within a few hours (i.e., assignment of the NMR signals to the components) instead of tedious calibrations runs. We present a range of approaches for the automated spectra analysis moving from statistical approach, (i.e., Partial Least Squares Regression) to physically motivated spectral models (i.e., Indirect Hard Modelling and Quantum Mechanical calculations).
Based on concentration measurements of reagents and products by online NMR spectroscopy a continuous production and direct loop process control were successfully realized for several validation runs in a modular industrial pilot plant and compared to conventional analytical methods (HPLC, near infrared spectroscopy). The NMR module was developed for an intensified industrial process funded by the EU’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme (“Integrated CONtrol and SENsing”, www.consens-spire.eu).