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The accurate numerical prediction of thermal stresses, residual stresses, and distortions in high-strength low-alloy steel welds is challenging due to the steels’ complex hardening, viscoplastic, and phase transformation behaviour.
This work demonstrates the opportunities of applying an advanced viscoplastic material model for the numerical simulation of a single-pass gas-metal arc (GMA) weld using steel of grade S960QL. A very good agreement was found between numerically predicted and experimentally measured residual stresses. The opportunities of advanced viscoplastic material modelling in computational welding mechanics (CWM) are further demonstrated by comparing the simulation results with those obtained by applying a classic rate-independent isotropic hardening approach.
The numerical simulations did show that simple isotropic hardening formulations result in inaccurate predictions of residual stresses for non-austenitized base material within the heat affected zone (HAZ).
The sound numerical prediction of welding-induced thermal stresses, residual stresses, and distortions strongly depends on the accurate description of a welded material’s thermomechanical deformation behaviour. In this work, we provide experimental data on the viscoplastic deformation behaviour of a grade-s960ql steel up to a temperature of 1000 ◦C. In addition, a multi-phase viscoplastic material model is proposed, which accounts for the experimentally observed isothermal deformation behaviour of grade-s960ql steel base and austenitised material, as well as for athermal contributions that originate from solid-state phase transformations. The multi-phase viscoplastic and a classic rateindependent isotropic hardening material model were applied in the numerical simulations of both-ends-fixed bar Satoh tests and a single-pass gas metal arc weld. The influence of material modelling choices on the agreement between numerical simulation and experimental results is discussed, and recommendations for further work are given.