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Heterogeneous Oxysulfide@Fluoride Core/ Shell Nanocrystals for Upconversion-Based Nanothermometry
(2022)
Lanthanide (Ln3+)-doped upconversion nanoparticles (UCNPs) often suffer from weak luminescence, especially when their sizes are ultrasmall (less than 10 nm). Enhancing the upconversion luminescence (UCL) efficiency of ultrasmall UCNPs has remained a challenge that must be undertaken if any practical applications are to be envisaged. Herein, we present a Ln3+-doped oxysulfide@fluoride core/shell heterostructure which shows efficient UCL properties under 980nm excitation and good stability in solution. Through epitaxial heterogeneous growth, a ∼4 nm optically inert β-NaYF4 shell was coated onto ∼5 nm ultrasmall Gd2O2S:20%Yb,1%Tm. These Gd2O2S:20%Yb,1%Tm@NaYF4 core/shell UCNPs exhibit a more than 800-fold increase in UCL intensity compared to the unprotected core, a 180-fold increase in luminescence decay time of the 3H4 → 3H6 Tm3+ transition from 5 to 900 μs, and an upconversion quantum yield (UCQY) of 0.76% at an excitation power density of 155 W/cm2. Likewise, Gd2O2S:20%Yb,2%Er@NaYF4 core/shell UCNPs show a nearly 5000-fold
increase of their UCL intensity compared to the Gd2O2S:20%Yb,2%Er core and a maximum UCQY of 0.61%. In the Yb/Er core−shell UCNP system, the observed variation of luminescence intensity ratio seems to originate from a change in lattice strain as the temperature is elevated. For nanothermometry applications, the thermal sensitivities based on thermally coupled levels are estimated for both Yb/Tm and Yb/Er doped Gd2O2S@NaYF4 core/shell UCNPs.
Eine modifizierte Syntheseroute auf der Basis wasserfreier Seltenerdacetate wurde zur Synthese aufwärtskonvertierender Kern/Schale‐Nanokristalle mit mittleren Größen zwischen 15 bis 45 nm eingesetzt. Die nahezu monodispersen Partikel bestehen aus einem NaYF4:Yb,Er‐Kern, dotiert mit 18 % Yb3+ und 2 % Er3+, und einer inerten Schale aus NaYF4, wobei die Dicke der Schale dem jeweiligen Radius des Kernpartikels entspricht. Absolutmessungen der Photolumineszenz‐Quantenausbeuten bei verschiedenen Anregungsleistungsdichten zeigen, dass die Quantenausbeuten von 45 nm Kern/Schale‐Partikeln schon fast an die Quantenausbeute des mikrokristallinen aufwärtskonvertierenden Leuchtstoffs heranreichen. Kleinere Kern/Schale‐Partikel, die nach der gleichen Methode hergestellt wurden, zeigen nur eine moderate Abnahme der Quantenausbeute. Beispielsweise ist die Quantenausbeute von 15 nm großen Kern/Schale‐Partikeln bei hohen Leistungsdichten (100 W cm−2) nur um einen Faktor drei kleiner als die des mikrokristallinen Leuchtstoffpulvers und um ungefähr einen Faktor 10 kleiner bei niedrigen Leistungsdichten (1 W cm−2).
Absolute upconversion quantum yields of blue-emitting LiYF4:Yb3+,Tm3+ upconverting nanoparticles
(2018)
The upconversion quantum yield (QY) is an essential parameter for the characterization of the optical performance of lanthanoid-doped upconverting nanoparticles (UCNPs). Despite its nonlinear dependence on excitation power density, it is typically reported only as a single number. Here, we present the first measurement of absolute upconversion quantum yields of the individual emission bands of blue light-emitting LiYF4:Yb3+,Tm3+ UCNPs in toluene. Reporting the quantum yields for the individual emission bands is required for assessing the usability of UCNPs in various applications that require upconverted light of different wavelengths, such as bioimaging, photocatalysis and phototherapy.
Here, the reliability of the QY measurements is demonstrated by studying the same batch of UCNPs in three different research groups. The results show that whereas the total upconversion quantum yield of these UCNPs is quite high - typically 0.02 at a power density of 5 W/cm2 — most of the upconverted photon flux is emitted in the 794 nm upconversion band, while the blue emission band at 480 nm is very weak, with a much lower quantum yield of 6 times 10^5 at 5 W/cm2. Overall, although the total upconversion quantum yield of LiYF4:Yb3+,Tm3+ UCNPs seems satisfying, notably for NIR bioimaging, blue-light demanding phototherapy applications will require better-performing UCNPs with higher blue light
upconversion quantum yields.