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Larger spectral bandwidth and higher photon flux density are the major advantages of multilayer monochromators over crystal-based devices. Especially for synchrotron-based hard X-ray microimaging applications the increased photon flux density is important in order to achieve high contrast and resolution in space and/or time. However, the modifications on the beam profile induced by reflection on a multilayer are a drawback which can seriously harm the performance of such a monochromator. A recent study [A. Rack, T. Weitkamp, M. Riotte, D. Grigoriev, T. Rack, L. Helfen, T. Baumbach, R. Dietsch, T. Holz, M. Krämer, F. Siewert, M. Meduna, P. Cloetens, E. Ziegler, J. Synchrotron Radiat. 17 (2010) 496510] has shown that the modifications in terms of beam flatness and coherence preservation can be influenced via the material composition of the multilayer coating. The present article extends this knowledge by studying further material compositions used on a daily basis for hard X-ray monochromatization at the beamline ID19 of the European Synchrotron Radiation Facility.
Recent advances in the fabrication of diffractive X-ray optics have boosted hard X-ray microscopy into spatial resolutions of 30 nm and below. Here, we demonstrate the fabrication of zone-doubled Fresnel zone plates for multi-keV photon energies (4-12 keV) with outermost zone widths down to 20 nm. However, the characterization of such elements is not straightforward using conventional methods such as knife edge scans on well-characterized test objects. To overcome this limitation, we have used ptychographic coherent diffractive imaging to characterize a 20 nm-wide X-ray focus produced by a zone-doubled Fresnel zone plate at a photon energy of 6.2 keV. An ordinary scanning transmission X-ray microscope was modified to acquire the ptychographic data from a strongly scattering test object. The ptychographic algorithms allowed for the reconstruction of the image of the test object as well as for the reconstruction of the focused hard X-ray beam waist, with high spatial resolution and dynamic range. This method yields a full description of the focusing performance of the Fresnel zone plate and we demonstrate the usefulness ptychographic coherent diffractive imaging for metrology and alignment of nanofocusing diffractive X-ray lenses.
Micro-gap formation at the implant-abutment interface of two-piece dental implants was investigated in vitro using high-resolution radiography in combination with hard X-ray synchrotron radiation. Images were taken with the specimen under different mechanical loads of up to 100 N. The aim of this investigation was to prove the existence of micro-gaps for implants with conical connections as well as to study the mechanical behavior of the mating zone of conical implants during loading. Synchrotron-based radiography in comparison with classical laboratory radiography yields high spatial resolution in combination with high contrast even when exploiting micro-sized features in highly attenuating objects. The first illustration of a micro-gap which was previously indistinguishable by laboratory methods underlines that the complex micro-mechanical behavior of implants requires further in vitro investigations where synchrotron-based micro-imaging is one of the prerequisites.
Rocks are commonly very heterogeneous materials. Randomly distributed micro-flaws inside the rock are believed to initiate tensile cracks from which shear fractures develop and coalescence through en echelon interactions leads to fracture. In this paper, we describe the results of applying high-resolution X-ray tomography to samples of greywacke and limestone experimentally deformed under unconfined axial shortening at various loads equivalent to different fractions of the sample strength. Mineral grains, pores, micro-cracks and other voids were imaged with a resolution of 10 µm. 3D image analysis enabled us to monitor the initial state of the samples and the changes in them due to compression. Crack morphology is characterized and compared to the micro-structure of the sample before and after deformation. In the greywacke, formation of a macro-crack ~10° oblique to the stress direction is observed. It initiated in fine intergranular material at the top tip of the sample and is composed of tensile fractures connected by wing cracks. None of the voids defined in the initial state fractured, and the crack is interpreted to have started either as a micro-crack which was smaller than the resolution of the tomography, or, as a completely new crack. In the limestone, cracks are observed to initiate in features that are too small to be imaged by the tomography, or also in newly created cracks.
Recent methods of phase imaging in x-ray tomography allow the visualization of features that are not resolved in conventional absorption microtomography. Of these, the relatively simple setup needed to produce Fresnel-propagated tomograms appears to be well suited to probe tooth-dentin where composition as well as microstructure vary in a graded manner. By adapting analytical propagation approximations we provide predictions of the form of the interference patterns in the 3D images, which we compare to numerical simulations as well as data obtained from measurements of water immersed samples. Our observations reveal details of the tubular structure of dentin, and may be evaluated similarly to conventional absorption tomograms. We believe this exemplifies the power of Fresnel-propagated imaging as a form of 3D microscopy, well suited to quantify gradual microstructural-variations in teeth and similar tissues.