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- 2017 (9) (entfernen)
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- Hydrogen sensors (2)
- Spurenfeuchte (2)
- Adulteration detection (1)
- Ammonia (1)
- Chemical reaction (1)
- Chemometric tools (1)
- Coulometric sensors (1)
- Coulometrische Sensoren (1)
- Cumin discrimination (1)
- E-nose (1)
Eingeladener Vortrag
- nein (3)
The efficiency of gas sensor application for facilitating the safe use of hydrogen depends considerably on the sensor response to a change in hydrogen concentration. Therefore, the response time has been measured for five different-type commercially available hydrogen sensors. Experiments showed that all these sensors surpass the ISO 26142 standard; for the response times t90 values of 2 s to 16 s were estimated. Results can be fitted with an exponential or sigmoidal function. It can be demonstrated that the results on transient behaviour depend on both the operating parameters of sensors and Investigation methods, as well as on the experimental conditions: gas change rate and concentration jump.
Pollution through emission of toxic gases is an increasing problem for the environment. It affects similarly agricultural, industrial and urban areas. In future, environmental emissions in ambient air must be monitored at even lower concentrations as nowadays. One environmental relevant compound is ammonia and its conversion product ammonium that have strong negative impact on human health and ecosystems. Most ammonia measurements in ambient air are performed in the range below 1000 nmol·mol-1 and thus there is a need for reliable traceable ammonia gas standards and in addition in situ analytical procedures for monitoring (in ambient air to avoid that thresholds are exceeded). Therefore, the use of reference materials is necessary for development accompanying test or for calibration, e. g. of structure-integrated sensors and mobile multi-gas sensors.
The developed gas standard generator produces gas mixtures that comply with the metrological traceability for ammonia gas standards in the desired environmentally relevant measurement range. The method is based on the permeation of ammonia through a membrane at constant temperature and pressure. The resulting ammonia penetrant gas flow is then mixed with a carrier gas flow to generate a gas standard flow of known concentration. The dynamic rage is enlarged by using a two dilution steps. Depending on the permeation rate, generable molar fractions are possible in the range nmol·mol-1 to a few µmol·mol-1. We present the design of an ammonia gas standard generator and first results of the characterisation of its individual components supporting the uncertainty assessment according to GUM for stable gas concentrations in this range. The relative uncertainty of the generated ammonia gas standard is smaller than 4 % (k = 2).
Planar coulometric sensors were tested in humidified synthetic air at various gas temperatures. Generated frost point temperature in the gas ranged from -30 °C to -60 °C and were measured by coulometric sensors and in addition by a calibrated dew point hygrometer. The gas temperatures, which were measured by a calibrated Pt100 sensor, were set to -20 °C, 0 °C, 23 °C, 40 °C, 50 °C, and 60 °C during the experiments. Empiric nonlinear functions were calculated between the generated humidity and the sensor signals. In comparison to the measured signals at 23 °C, the sensor signals were lower at the other gas temperatures. The measurements at 60 °C showed indistinct results due to a great signal noise. The response behavior of the sensors was similar at 23 °C, 40 °C and 50 °C. In contrast to that, the sensors reacted slowly at a gas temperature of -20 °C and 0 °C. In summary, with coulometric sensors it was possible to measure continuously trace humidity with an expanded uncertainty below 2 K.
Die Spurenfeuchte von technischen Gasen kann zuverlässig mit coulometrischen Feuchtesensoren bestimmt werden. Das Prinzip dieser Sensoren basiert auf der Absorption von Wasser in einer hygroskopischen Schicht und anschließenderelektrolytischer Zersetzung. Die Kalibrierung der Sensoren erfolgte mit einem Spurenfeuchtegenerator bei Frostpunkttemperaturen kleiner als -30 °C bzw. einem Volumenanteil kleiner als 376 µL·L-1. Die generierte Feuchte wurde zusätzlich zu den coulometrischen Sensoren mit einem Taupunktspiegelhygrometer, welches als Referenz diente, gemessen. Zwischen dem coulometrischen Sensorsignal und der gemessenen Referenzfeuchte wurde eine empirische nichtlinare Funktion gefunden. Die resultierende Kalibrierungsfunktion, die aus zwei Parametern besteht, wurde hinsichtlich ihrer Messunsicherheit bewertet.
Zusätzlich erfolgt die Überprüfung der Kalibrierparameter mittels einfaktorieller Varianzanalyse (ANOVA). Die ANOVA zeigte, dass eine gemittelte Funktion für die Feuchtigkeitbestimmung in Stickstoff, Helium und synthetischer Luft für mehrere Sensoren angewendet werden kann.
Mit coulmetrischen Sensoren ist es möglich, die Spurenfeuchte in technischen Gasen mit einer erweitereten Unsicherheit hinsichtlich der Frostpunkttemperatur kleiner als 2,1 K zu ermitteln.
The efficiency of gas sensor application for facilitating the safe use of hydrogen depends considerably on the sensor response to a change in hydrogen concentration. Therefore, the response time has been measured for five different-type commercially available hydrogen sensors. Experiments showed that all these sensors surpass the ISO 26142 standard; for the response times t90 values of 2 s to 16 s were estimated. Results can be fitted with an exponential or sigmoidal function. It can be demonstrated that the results on transient behaviour depend on both the operating parameters of sensors and investigation methods, as well as on the experimental conditions: gas change rate and concentration jump.
Sol-Gel wood preservation
(2017)
The sol–gel-based modification of wood introduces chemical substances into wood in order to improve its characteristics and impart new properties. It stabilizes dimensions of wood (timber) components, increases its strength and resistance to water, and reduces cracking. Many sol–gel-based impregnations aim to protect against wood rot and fire. In most cases, the treatments are performed with alkoxysilanes, polysiloxanes, colloidal silica, or organically modified silica. In addition further substances such as titania, copper, and boron compounds have been applied on different types of wood. The precursor solutions were introduced by immersion, painting, or spray coating of wood followed by a drying and heat treatment process. The structure of the impregnated wood was investigated by SEM, EDX, TEM, FT-IR, NMR, and XRD. Frequently, test procedures according to standards were applied in order to assess the improvement in properties. Investigations demonstrate that silica and titania impregnations change properties first of all with increasing the amount of absorbed inorganic material (WPG), which is determined by the concentration of precursors, amount and size of particles in the sol, and the impregnation method. Sol–gel impregnation can be considered as an environmentally friendly approach of wood preservation. Various improvements in wood properties can be achieved such as reduced water uptake and volume swelling, improved weather stability, resistance against biodegradation, and fire retardancy.
The objective of this work is to report the improvement obtained in the discrimination of complex aroma and taste with subtle differences in odor and flavor, by the use of fast suitable procedures for the cases of measurements in the field demanding decision-making in real time. The proposed electronic sensing systems, formed by an E-nose and VE-tongue, were used to discriminate cumin cultivars from different geographical origins, as well as to quantify the cumin adulteration percentages by using unsupervised and supervised chemometric tools. Thus, the results obtained are sufficiently encouraging as a starting point for the development of new electronic sensing systems with more improvement such the reliability of the sensors’ performance as well as the chemometric tools in order to deal with a complex dataset.
Die Messung der Gasfeuchte im Spurenbereich in unterschiedlichen technisch und medizinisch relevanten Gasen erfolgte mit Sensoren, die auf dem coulometrischen Messprinzip basieren. Die verwendeten planaren coulometrischen Sensoren wurden im Frostpunkttemperaturbereich von -70 °C bis -30 °C in synthetischer Luft, Wasserstoff, Stickstoff und Distickstoffmonoxid (Lachgas) untersucht. Als Referenz für die Messungen wurde ein Präzisionstaupunktspiegel-Hygrometer verwendet. Die Gasfeuchte kann mit Hilfe der Sensoren in allen untersuchten Gasen, aber mit geänderten Kalibrierfunktionen, mit einer erweiterten Unsicherheit von kleiner als 2,1 K bestimmt werden. Für die Messungen in unterschiedlichen Gasen muss also der Einfluss der Gasmatrix auf das Sensorsignal berücksichtigt werden. So ist zum Beispiel bei Messungen in befeuchtetem Wasserstoff, aufgrund von Rekombinationseffekten, ein signifikant geändertes Sensorsignal zu beobachten.
Hydrogen sensor deployment
(2017)