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The presently active standards on Computed Radiography (CR) need a major revision. It was observed by many users that the image quality for class B of EN 14784-2 is not achievable under the same exposure conditions as used for film exposure. A mathematical model was developed and tested, which allows the calculation of the image quality, proven by image quality indicators (IQI), depending on the fixed pattern noise and the efficiency of the used imaging plate (IP) scanner system. All tested IP scanner systems provide a fixed correlation between the measured signal/noise ratio (SNR) and the grey values in the digital images. The maximum achievable SNRmax depends on the fixed pattern noise of the plate (high dose limit). Depending on the exposure dose an optimum visibility of IQIs can be predicted by calculation and measured considering the attenuation coefficient for calculation of the contrast/noise ratio (CNR). The diameter of the just visible wire is proportional to 1/sqrt(CNR). The optimum tube voltage for best visibility of IQIs and maximum CNR depend on the exposure dose. The optimum tube voltage for best visibility is achieved only at exposures with high dose. A dose dependant optimal tube voltage was not observed for film radiography.
Determining scatter ratios at high energies (> ~ 1MeV) presents challenges not immediately obvious from measurements at conventional X-ray energies. This includes reduced attenuation even in heavy elements as well as a stronger forward bias of scattering. In order to check the reliability of different measurement setups with regard to material thicknesses, distances, and collimation, attenuation and scattering were separately simulated using a Monte Carlo model. The simulation results help in understanding the sources of radiation scattered into the detection area, thereby aiding in eliminating undesired contributions.
A time domain spectrometer in the range of 0.5–2 THz was used for time of flight (ToF) measurements of THz pulses for imperfection detection in non metallic materials. The measurements were performed in comparison to the established ultra sound pulse echo (PE) and time of flight diffraction (ToFD) technique. No coupling agent and no contact to the surface is required for THz ToFD measurements. Plastic test specimen with notches, voids and drilled side holes were used to study reflected and diffracted response signals. No major differences were observed between the UT and THz ToFD records for the first surface of the notches, voids and holes. Additionally to the UT records also signals were obtained from its back side and a second raw of holes. The THz measurement is fast and has the potential to substitute UT applications in some industrial areas. Within the German project 'Handheld' the potential for miniaturization of the time domain equipment is explored for efficient application.
The computer simulation of radiography is applicable for different purposes in NDT such as for the qualification of NDT systems, the optimization of system parameters, feasibility analysis, model-based data interpretation, education and training of NDT/NDE personnel, and others. Within the framework of the European project PICASSO simulators will be adapted to support reliability assessments of NDT tasks. The radiographic simulator aRTist developed by BAM is well suited for this task. It combines analytical modelling of the RT inspection process with the CAD-orientated object description applicable to various industrial sectors such as power generation, aerospace, railways and others. The analytic model includes the description of the radiation source, the interaction of Radiation
with the material of the part, and the detection process with special focus to DIR. To support reliability estimations the simulation tool is completed by a tool for probability of detection (POD) estimation. It consists of a user interface for planning automatic simulation runs with varying parameters, specifically defect variations.
Further, an automatic image analysis procedure is included to evaluate the defect visibility and calculate the POD therefrom.
Abweichend von der gängigen Vorgehensweise, mit einem Bleistiftstrahl
die Lage eines Bildpunktes festzulegen und die rückgestreute Strahlung großflächig aufzunehmen, bietet die neu entwickelte Kamera Unabhängigkeit von Einstrahl- und Blickrichtung. Ausgestattet mit einer 'Optik' für hochenergetische Strahlung, wie die bereits beschriebene Schlitzblendenkamera, ist die variable Gestaltung von Einstrahl- und Blickrichtung möglich. Damit eröffnet sich die
Chance, Strahlung absorbierende Details in einem Objekt sichtbar werden zu lassen, die sonst von einer streuenden Umgebung überstrahlt würden. Zudem wird gezeigt, wie sich das Erscheinungsbild von Objekten umgebungsbedingt im Rückstreubild ändern kann.
Für die öffentliche Sicherheit wird gesorgt, indem Gefahren rechtzeitig entdeckt werden. Deren Ursprung kann im technischen oder menschlichen Versagen liegen, womit im englischen Sprachraum zwischen 'Safety' und 'Security' unterschieden wird. Hinsichtlich der Folgen verschwimmt aber dieser Unterschied, obwohl für deren Verhinderung unterschiedliche Zuständigkeiten existieren. Bezüglich des gemeinsamen Interesses und auch überlappender Methoden und Vorgehensweisen würden beide Seiten gewinnen können, wenn es eine Brücke zwischen ihnen gäbe. Eine solche zu schaffen hat sich die EFNDT Arbeitsgruppe (Working Group) 5 zur Aufgabe gestellt. Gestaltet werden soll sie durch gemeinsame Veranstaltungen und Seminaren, die zur Bildung von Konsortien und der Durchführung gemeinsamer Projekte führen sollen.
Verleimte Holzproben wurden je nach Größe mit thermischen (ANTARES) bzw. schnellen Neutronen (NECTAR) an der Forschungs-Neutronenquelle Heinz Maier-Leibnitz (FRM II) der Technischen Universität München in Garching untersucht. Entweder ließen die durchstrahlbare Schichtdicke oder die eingeschränkte Strahlgeometrie es nicht zu, das Probenteil allseitig zu durchstrahlen.
Um dennoch innere Strukturen wie Leimschichten zumindest mit einem eingeschränkten Winkelbereich tomographisch darzustellen, wurde mit Hilfe des Slice-Theorems erfolgreich rekonstruiert. Ein Brett von 2 cm Dicke wurde mit thermischen Neutronen erfolgreich untersucht, ein größeres mit schnellen.
Neutrons are absorbed particularly by hydrogen containing materials so
they can be used as a tool for visualising heterogeneous density distributions of organic materials. Penetration limits are set by the layer thicknesses and the neutron energies applied. In case of specimens with a flat shape the situation may be encountered that the object only could be penetrated in selected directions. In addition, the overall size may exceed the beam diameter and thus the viewing window if a certain region of interest should be studied by tomography without destroying the integrity of the specimen.
This study shows the capabilities and limits of thermal and fast neutrons to investigate flat wooden specimens such as boards and girders by neutron tomography under such circumstances. Taking projections was impaired either by the limits of penetrability or by the total size of the object. As a consequence, projections were included for reconstruction only from a limited angular range of 90°. It could be shown that an approach based on the slice theorem was capable to visualise structural features along the beam directions while simply omitting the perpendicular ones without causing additional artefacts.
Small samples with a thickness of up to 2 cm but several times broader could be studied with the ANTARES facility of the FRM II neutron source in Garching providing thermal neutrons while larger objects required a beam of higher energy as available in the NECTAR facility of the same institution. The fast (fission) neutrons (1.5 – 2 MeV) of this site allowed investigating an area of interest inside a girder with a cross section of 23.5 x 49 cm². Internal features such as inclusions could be detected as well as a heterogeneous density distribution in glue layers.