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Eingeladener Vortrag
- nein (17)
Safety and security both entail freedom from danger, i.e. unacceptable risk, whatever the cause might be. This
entails an understanding of the term 'risk' that is broadly used in areas such as economics, health, insurance etc.
According a rather popular definition used in the economical sciences for a long time (KNIGHT), risk has a lot
in common with uncertainty while the former is regarded quantifiable and the latter one is not. However, it has
to be taken into account that there are other understandings of 'uncertainty'. Particularly encountering rare
events never experienced before and recent contemporary definitions are weakening Knightfs differentiation.
This is reflected in some recent standard definitions. Attempts have been made to define a risk as common as
possible covering not only societal, ecological and financial areas but also natural and technical, ones. This is of
particular concern in non-destructive testing. This raises the question how far this can be achieved in a common
understanding, i.e. the discussion on this term seems not at all finished yet.
It is a common ambition to lower the risk by several actions including detection technologies. This entails that a
risk could be estimated somehow. The existence of numerous approaches indicates the complexity of this question.
The EFNDT (European Federation for Non-Destructive Testing) Working Group 5 took a commitment
also to tackle this central aspect of safety and security in its understanding as a bridging forum between these
two areas.
Reliability of NDT is affected by human factors, which have thus far received the least amount of attention in the reliability assessments. With increased use of automation, in terms of mechanised testing (automation-assisted inspection and the corresponding evaluation of data), higher reliability standards are believed to have been achieved. However, human inspectors, and thus human factors, still play an important role throughout this process and the risks involved in this application are unknown. The aim of this study was to explore for the first time the risks associated with mechanised NDT and find ways of mitigating their effects on the inspection performance. Hence, the objectives were to identify and Analyse potential risks in mechanised NDT and devise measures against them. To address those objectives, a risk assessment in form of a Failure Modes and Effects Analysis (FMEA) was conducted. This analysis revealed potential for failure during both the acquisition and evaluation of NDT data that could be assigned to human, technology, and organisation. Since the existing preventive measures were judged to be insufficient to defend the system from identified failures, new preventive measures were suggested.
BIOCIDE
(2022)
Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a global health problem with the environment being an important compartment for the evolution, selection and transmission of AMR. These processes are impacted by pollution with antibiotics. However, biocides used as disinfectants and material preservatives are major pollutants by far excceding the market for antibiotics in terms of mass. Our work shows that biocides have the potential to affect evolutionary processes towards AMR by increasing the rates of de-novo mutation and conjugation. These effects depend on the species and biocidal substance. Importantly, chlorhexidine and quaternary ammonium compounds (QACs) affect rates of mutation and conjugation at environmentally relevant concentrations in E. coli. Moreover, our results show a connection between the RpoS-mediated general stress and the RecA-linked SOS response with increased rates of mutation and conjugation, but not for all biocides. Furthermore, our work highlights the potential of biocides to contribute to selection and transmission of AMR. We show that the application of biocides, especially QAC disinfectants, leads to the rapid evolution of tolerance (i.e. increased survival) in adaptive laboratory evolution (ALE) experiments. The evolved tolerant strains have a selective advantage in the presence of environmentally-relevant concentrations of antibiotics, which could lead to the stabilization of biocide tolerance in environments where biocides and antibiotics co-occur (e.g. wastewater, animal stables). ALE experiments with biocide tolerant strains indicate a decreased evolvability of resistance to antibiotics. Taken together, our work shows the importance of assessing the contribution of biocides on evolution, selection and transmission of AMR in the environment.
With the continuous release of anthropogenic pollutants into the environment, substantial risks for the human health arise. Concerning are especially persistent substances (e.g., PFAS) as they accumulate in food chains which inevitably result in the transgression of negative impact threshold levels. Environmental Analytical Chemsitry interfaces all disciplines of Risk Assessment. Therefore it is the important tool to identify, monitor, and remediate environmental pollutants. Based on the example of PFAS, a workflow to tackle environmental pollutants in a retro- and pro-spective way is shown. Within the project, the worldwide situation of environmental pollutants will be illustrated for the example of PFAS. As the major discipline to confront the problem, analytical chemistry will be shown as a key tool for contesting PFAS and creating safe-by-design materials in the future.
Anwendungen von Bioziden in Materialien für Außenanwendungen sind mögliche Quellen für Biozide in Umweltkompartimenten infolge von witterungsbedingten Auswaschprozessen. Im Bericht werden Leachingprozesse und -parameter als auch Methoden zu deren Untersuchung unter Labor- und Freilandversuchsbedingungen beschrieben. Vorteile und Grenzen der verschiedenen Herangehensweisen zur Untersuchung von Leachingprozessen werden diskutiert. Standardisierte Auswaschtests sowie in der Fachliteratur publizierte Auswaschexperimente werden zusammenfassend dargestellt. Es wird beschrieben, wie Leachingdaten gemäß Technischem Leitfaden zur Biozidprodukten-Richtlinie 98/8/EG für eine Risikobewertung genutzt werden. Ein alternativer Ansatz zur mathematischen Modellierung von Leachingtest-Daten wurde erprobt und wird im Bericht erläutert. Potentiell lassen sich mit dem vorgeschlagenen Ansatz bestimmte gegenwärtig auftretende Schwierigkeiten bei der Risikobewertung umgehen.
Applications of biocides in outdoor materials are potential sources of biocides in environmental compartments due to leaching processes under weathering conditions. Leaching processes and parameters as well as methods to investigate leaching processes under laboratory and semi-field conditons are described in the report. Benefits and limitations of different test approaches are discussed. Standardised leaching tests as well as leaching experiments reported in scientific literature are listed. The application of leaching data for risk assessments according to the Technical Guidance Documents for the Biocidal Products Directive (98/8/EC) is described. An alternative approach for mathematical modelling of leaching data was tested and is Explained in the report. Certain difficulties that currently appear during risk assessments may be circumvented by the proposed approach.
The traffic infrastructure in the vicinity of large airports is often very well developed, and, therefore, supports the establishment of significant industrial development. Regional or overall worldwide air traffic accessibility is an important aspect of site choice for many companies. Since air traffic has constantly increased in recent years, this has lead to the presumption that the risk of aircraft crashes in areas near airports is also greater than before. However, the risk of accidents in the neighborhood of an airport can be minimized by implementing some limitations.
Nanomaterials are present in our everyday life. Paint coats, sunscreens, catalysts and additives for tyres are good examples for the use of such materials in mass-market products. The problem of the safety of nanomaterials is recognized as a problem for health and environment, which lead to the special registration of nanomaterials according to an annex of REACH as of 2020. But a great problem for the risk assessment of nanomaterials that several factors could influence the hazardous nature of them. Additional to composition, crystal structure, size and shape the surface properties of such particles belong to these parameters for risk assesment. The reason for the relevance of the surface is obvious: the smaller the particle, the higher is the share of the surface. Additionally, the surface is the region of the particle which interacts with the surrounding which is another crucial factor for the understanding the effect of a nanomaterial on health and environment. In the OECD Testing Programme on Manufactured Nanomaterials exists consequently an Endpoint 4.30 Surface Chemistry in Chapter 4. PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES. In summary, there is obviously a need for a correlation between surface chemical analytic data and toxicity. To fill in this gap, we present surface analytic results obtained with X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and Time-of-Flight Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry and correlate them with cytotoxic data gain by high-throughput screening experiments. It must be noted, that these experiments were done at the same set of titania materials taken from the JRC (Joint Research Centre of the European Union) Nanomaterials Repository. As material TiO2 was chosen due to its widespread use in consumer products, e.g. paint coats and sunscreens. With this new approach a better understanding of the influence of surface properties on the toxicity can be expected leading to a better risk assessment of these materials.
There is a wide variety of approaches across the world in determining appropriate “safety distances ” for firework displays. Comparison of the different national approaches and distances for Shells derived from ShellCalc© Highlights the variety and derivation of the “safety distances” adopted and these distances are related to the various failure modes of shells that may affect the audience. It is not intended that this paper should encourage the maximum distances derived always to be adopted, but that an appreciation of the probabilities and hazards of various accident scenarios and therefore the risks involved be part of the decision making process for designers and commissioners of displays as well as enforcing
authorities.
Geräte für den bestimmungsgemäßen Einsatz in explosionsgefährdeten Bereichen müssen die Anforderungen der europäischen Richtlinie 94/9/EG (Explosionsschutzrichtlinie) erfüllen. Die Erfüllung dieser Anforderungen wird in der EG-Konformitätserklärung des Herstellers dokumentiert. Grundlage für die Bewertung der Konformität ist die Zündgefahrenbewertung, die im Wesentlichen die Identifizierung und Bewertung möglicher Zündquellen beinhaltet. In den der Richtlinie 94/9/EG nach geordneten einschlägigen Normen, z. B. EN 1127-1 und EN 13463-1 ff., sowie in der BGR 104 (Regeln für das Vermeiden der Gefahren durch explosionsfähige Atmosphäre mit Beispielsammlung (Explosionsschutz-Regeln - EX-RL) sind die 13 möglichen Zündquellenarten aufgelistet. Die mechanisch erzeugten Funken stellen hierbei eine von diesen möglichen Zündquellenarten dar.
Aussagen über die Zündwirksamkeit und insbesondere Zündwahrscheinlichkeit von mechanisch erzeugten Schlagfunken in Abhängigkeit von der jeweiligen Brenngas/Luft- Atmosphäre bei bekannter kinetischer Schlagenergie lassen sich nach dem bisherigen Kenntnisstand nur sehr vage formulieren. Eine umfangreiche Literaturrecherche auf diesem Gebiet bestätigte diesen Mangel, der sowohl bei der Zündgefahrenbewertung als auch bei der Erstellung und Novellierung des für den Explosionsschutz einschlägigen Regelwerkes problematisch ist.
Im Maschinenbau und in der Verfahrenstechnik werden zum Bau u. a. von nichtelektrischen Geräten und Schutzsystemen zur bestimmungsgemäßen Verwendung in explosions-gefährdeten Bereichen häufig Baustähle verwendet. Daher war es das Ziel der Forschungsarbeit, statistisch gesicherte Werte für die Zündwahrscheinlichkeit von Stahl-Schlagfunken in Abhängigkeit von der kinetischen Schlagenergie und der Mindestzündenergie der verwendeten Brenngas/Luft-Gemische zu ermitteln. Die Untersuchungen zur Entstehung mechanisch erzeugter zündfähiger Schlagfunken erfolgten mit Hilfe von Schlagfunkenmaschinen bei drei kinetischen Schlagenergiewerten.
Folgende Ergebnisse wurden für die Referenzbrenngase der IEC-Explosionsgruppen bei unterschiedlichen Gemischzusammensetzungen mit Luft erzielt:
1. Unterhalb der kinetischen Schlagenergie von 3 Nm konnten mit der im Rahmen dieser Untersuchung angewendeten Schlagkinematik und Schlaggeometrie keine zündfähigen mechanisch erzeugten Stahl-Schlagfunken erzeugt werden.
2. Bereits mit einer kinetischen Schlagenergie von 10 Nm konnten einzelne mechanisch erzeugte Stahl-Schlagfunken durch Oxidationsvorgänge des abgetrennten Teilchens zur gefährlichen Zündquelle werden. Die Versuche haben weiterhin gezeigt, dass dies für Brenngasgemische der IEC-Explosionsgruppe IIC (z. B. Acetylen und Wasserstoff) mit Luft mit einer Zündwahrscheinlichkeit im einstelligen Prozentbereich zutrifft. Literaturangaben zufolge können Explosionen aber auch für Brenngasgemische der Explosionsgruppe IIB (z. B. Ethylen) mit Luft nicht sicher ausgeschlossen werden.
3. Mit der vergleichsweise hohen kinetischen Schlagenergie von 190 Nm wurden alle Brenngas/Luft-Gemische unabhängig von einer stattfindenden Oxidation des Teilchens durch einen einzigen Schlagvorgang zur Explosion gebracht. Dabei lag die Zündwahrscheinlichkeit bei 100 % für Brenngasgemische der IEC-Explosionsgruppe IIC mit Luft. Für Brenngasgemische der IEC-Explosionsgruppen IIA (z. B. Propan und Benzindampf) und I (z. B. Methan) mit Luft fiel die Zündwahrscheinlichkeit bis in den einstelligen Prozentbereich ab.
Die experimentellen Untersuchungen haben weiter gezeigt, dass die Zündfähigkeit mechanisch erzeugter Funken grundsätzlich von einer Vielzahl von Einflussgrößen abhängig ist. Eine Interpolation der Ergebnisse zwischen den kinetischen Schlagenergien von 10 Nm und 190 Nm ist daher nicht möglich.
Für zukünftige Untersuchungen ist deshalb eine Fortführung der Arbeiten u. a. mit weiteren kinetischen Schlagenergien vorgesehen. Diese Ergebnisse können ferner zur Validierung von numerischen Simulationen herangezogen werden.
The plastic value chain, central part of modern living, caused environmental pollution and bioaccumulation of plastic nanoparticles (PNPs). Their ubiquitous presence in different environmental and biological compartments has become a serious threat to human health and ecosystems. Frequently used plastic materials such as polypropylene (PP), polystyrene (PS) and polyethylene (PE) have been detected in the form of PNPs in the food chain, soil, water and air, as well as in human feces and blood. In this study, we aimed to provide novel insights in endocrine disrupting properties of PNPs using in vitro estrogen receptor (ER) transactivation assay. The effects of PP-NPs, PE-NPs and PS-NPs and their mixture on T47D-KBluc cell line stably transfected with luciferase as reporter enzyme was evaluated by means of cytotoxicity, cellular uptake and ER activation. Tested dose range for PNPs was 0.001 – 10 mg/L. Both cellular uptake and cytotoxicity for all PNPs was found to be dose-dependent. Only the highest dose of PP-NPs and PE-NPs induced apoptosis and cell death, while PS-NPs were not cytotoxic in tested dose range. For tested concentrations, PP-NPs and PE-NPs showed significant agonistic activity on ER, while PS-NPs cannot be considered ER active. When, applied as mixture, PNP demonstrated additive toxicity effects compared to the effect of each individual PNPs. Additivity was also observed for ER agonistic effect of PNPs mixture according to the benchmark dose-addition modelling approach. This study provides missing science-based evidence on endocrine disrupting effects of PE-NPs, PP-NPs, PS-NPs and their mixtures and highlights the importance of considering unintentional, aggregate and combined exposure to different PNPs in risk management.
Laboratory leaching tests may be used for source term determination as a basis for risk assessment for soilgroundwater pathways on contaminated sites. In order to evaluate different leaching procedures, batch extraction tests and percolation tests were performed using three reference materials produced from contaminated soil, demolition waste and municipal solid waste incinerator bottom ash. Emphasis was placed on the investigation of the leachability of the heavy metals copper and chromium, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and the anions chloride and sulfate. Significant discrepancies between column experiments and batch/extraction tests were found for the release of PAHs and to a lesser extent for the heavy metals Cu and Cr. Additionally interlaboratory comparisons were conducted based on different leaching tests with the reference materials and evaluated using the criteria of comparability and reproducibility. The best reproducibility was achieved for all investigated substances in column tests. The reproducibility of batch tests was acceptable except for PAHs. The results from the experimental work will help establish standardized and feasible laboratory procedures as fundamental for substance specific risk assessment of contaminated sites.
Screening against ADAMTS4 reveals a specific peptide, which was turned into an MRI probe. The aneurysm in a mouse modal was visualized via MRI. A differentiation between stable and unstable aneurysm in an early state was performed. Using the probe as tool for an easy and non-invasive rupture assessment is possible.
The European legislation has responded to the wide use of nanomaterials in our daily life and defined the term “nanoform” in the Annexes to the REACH (Registration, Evaluation, Authorization of Chemicals) Regulation. Now specific information of the nanomaterials is required from the companies when registering the appropriate materials in a dossier.
In the context of REACH eleven physicochemical properties were considered as relevant, of which the following six are essential for registration of nanoforms (priority properties): chemical composition, crystallinity, particle size, particle shape, chemical nature of the surface (“surface chemistry”), and specific surface area (SSA). A key role is the reliable, reproduceable and traceable character of the data of these priority properties.
In this context, we want to discuss which ‘analytical’ information is exactly required to fulfill these conditions. Time-of-Flight Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry (ToF-SIMS) and X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS) were chosen as the most popular surface analytical methods. Both methods allow a detailed understanding of the surface chemistry with an information depth below ten nanometers. As a rather bulk method for the analysis of nanoforms, Electron Probe Microanalysis (EPMA) in the version with energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) is considered for the quick identification of the main chemical elements present in the sample. Furthermore, Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) results are discussed which provide results on particle size and shape. Thus, four of the six priority properties can be obtained with these methods.
Artificial surfaces for outdoor sporting grounds may pose environmental and health hazards that are difficult to assess due to their complex chemical composition. Ecotoxicity tests can indicate general hazardous impacts. We conducted growth inhibition (Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata) and acute toxicity tests (Daphnia magna) with leachates obtained from batch tests of granular infill material and column tests of complete sporting ground assemblies. Ethylene propylene diene monomer rubber (EPDM) leachate showed the highest effect on Daphnia magna (EC50 < 0.4% leachate) and the leachate of scrap tires made of styrene butadiene rubber (SBR) had the highest effect on P. subcapitata (EC10 = 4.2% leachate; EC50 = 15.6% leachate). We found no correlations between ecotoxicity potential of leachates and zinc and PAH concentrations. Leachates obtained from column tests revealed lower ecotoxicological potential. Leachates of column tests of complete assemblies may be used for a reliable risk assessment of artificial sporting grounds.