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The feasibility of using native lipase A from Candida antarctica (CAL-A) to esterify fatty acids with water-insoluble alcohols in the presence of excess water was investigated in stirred-tank reactors. For high reaction rates, a ratio of water:substrates of 0.61.4:1 (v/v) was required. CAL-A showed higher substrate selectivity for the esterification of saturated palmitic acid with branched-chain 2-ethyl-1-hexanol than for unsaturated oleic acid with linear alcohol (1-decanol). After 18 h at 70 °C in a 1.5 l bulk stirredtank reactor, an 2-ethyl-1-hexyl palmitic acid ester was obtained near 100 % yield [molar ratio palmitic acid:2-ethyl-1-hexanol ~1:1.25, with 1.11 % (w/w) Novocor ADL (based on palmitic acid weight)].
In an attempt to develop new technetium-based radiopharmaceuticals for the noninvasive diagnosis of myocardial metabolism, we have synthesized three examples of novel metal-containing fatty acid derivatives according to the 3+1 mixed-ligand and the Schiff base/tricarbonyl design. The chelates contain the metal core in the oxidation states +5 and +1, respectively, and are attached to the end-position of a fatty acid chain. The complex formation was accomplished by ligand-exchange reactions with three different rhenium precursors, whereas the inactive rhenium metal was utilized as a surrogate of the technetium radionuclide. The molecular structures of the fatty acid complexes 7, 10 and 14 were determined by single-crystal X-ray diffraction analyses and impressively show a general problem in technetium tracer research, namely the significant structural alterations of bioactive molecules by coordination even to small metal chelates.
Given the central role of fatty acids in cancer pathophysiology, the exploitation of fatty acid metabolism as a potential antineoplastic therapy has gained much attention. Several natural and synthetic compounds targeting fatty acid metabolism were hitherto identified, and their effectiveness against cancer cell proliferation and survival was determined. This review will discuss the most clinically viable inhibitors or drugs targeting various proteins or enzymes mapped on nine interconnected fatty acid metabolism-related processes. We will discuss the general significance of each of these processes and the effects of their inhibition on cancer cell progression. Moreover, their mechanisms of action, limitations, and future perspectives will be assessed.