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Western capitalist societies in the 1940s and 1950s had a significant improvement in the level of productivity development, but during this period there were problems with the overall mental status of social members. Fromm believes that society as a whole will be in a morbid state just like individuals. At this time, criticism of society should be used to replace the rejection of individuals who do not adapt to society. In order to carry out social critical work, Fromm mainly absorbed the ideas of Freud and Marx, combined psychoanalysis with the social and historical research method as the prototype of historical materialism, and changed the validity of Freud’s theory from the personal or family scope extends to the social scope, and social character is formed from this.– This article systematically introduces and explores the theory of social character. On the one hand, the introduction reveals the research background and significance of this article, on the other hand, it also introduces the status quo of the research on Fromm’s thought at home and abroad, especially his theory of social character.– The first chapter introduces the two major theoretical sources of social character: Freud’s theory and Marxist philosophy, including Freud’s psychoanalysis, subconscious theory and individual character dynamics and society as a prototype of historical materialism. The specific content of historical research method and historical materialism.– The second chapter restores its complete theoretical form from the three aspects of the formation process, main content and function of social character, laying a foundation for exploring the theoretical and practical significance of social character.– Chapter Three discusses the theoretical significance of social character in depth, mainly from the position of the theory in Fromm’s thought and its significance to historical materialism. Specifically, social character is an important theoretical weapon for Fromm to criticize Western capitalist society. Fromm also uses the ideal social character-productive character to try to restore the historical subject; in addition, social character not only supplements and developed the relationship between social existence and social consciousness, economic foundation and superstructure, and also explored the relationship between subject and object in historical materialism, and restored the subjective dimension of historical materialism on this basis.– Finally, the fourth chapter of the article reveals the practical significance of social personality for thinking and resolving the main contradictions in our society. [Translation: www.cnki.net, 7/2023]
This paper analyzes >The Winter of Our Discontent<, John Steinbeck’s last novel, from the perspective of humanistic ethics as advocated by American psychologist Erich Fromm. Affected by corrupt social values, the protagonist Ethan fails to realize his primary potentiality for goodness at first. Touched by his untainted daughter Alan, however, Ethan eventually experiences an epiphany, gradually recognizes the importance of self-love, and overcomes alienation in his realization of active freedom. By tracking Ethan’s moral development, Steinbeck gives voice to his own ethical concerns. [Translation: www.DeepL/Translator, free version, 6/2023]
[Chinese abstract not available] With the American psychologist Erich Fromm's humanistic ethics as a point of reference, this article analyzes >The Winter of Our Discontent< (1961), John Steinbeck's final work of fiction. This novel focuses on protagonist Ethan Allen Hawley as he succumbs to the influence of corrupt social values and thereby fails to actualize his primary potentiality for goodness. At the novel's end, however, as he is on the verge of suicide, he thinks about the innocence of his daughter, Ellen, and experiences an epiphany of light that leads to a realization of love for self and others. Overcoming his sense of alienation from the good, he embarks on a course of active freedom that will enable him to go on with his life. Steinbeck's exquisite depiction of Ethan's moral development reflects his own ethical concerns about the well-being of his beloved America. [Translation: www.cnki.net, 9/2023]
[Chinese abstract not available] A personal character is determined by the historical era in which one lives. Erich Fromm is particularly concerned with the debated issue of freedom, especially the escape mechanism of freedom. As a member of the Frankfurt School, Erich Fromm believes that human beings are mainly social beings, not a self-sufficient enclosed system. After analyzing how the escape mechanism for freedom is produced, Fromm advocates that positive freedom should be the freedom to develop oneself freely, to fully tap and realize one’s own potential, to pursue the ideal of truth, goodness and beauty, and to promote personal growth and happiness. Only when people actively play their own roles in the society can their sense of isolation and helplessness be overcome. Replacing authoritarian power with democracy and instilling to people the ideas about life, liberty and truth can they find a right path towards self-realization. [Author's English]
As socialism with Chinese characteristics enters a new era, people’s leisure needs are growing, and the problem of leisure and human development has become increasingly prominent. On the basis of criticizing the antagonism of capitalist leisure, Marx put forward the communist ideal which takes human’s overall and free development as the basic principle, which has important enlightenment to reflect on contemporary leisure. Understanding leisure, learning leisure, as well as practicing leisure are the only ways to realize the all-round development of people and a better life for people. The former leisure thought can deepen our understanding of Marx’s leisure thought, and can be used as a tool to reflect on the leisure problem. Hegel’s philosophy of master and slave initially revealed the antagonism of leisure and its way out, and Feuerbach’s criticism of alienation provided a model for reflection on leisure alienation. He regarded god as the highest leisure person and love as the essence of human, which meant that the way to overcome leisure alienation lies in the integration of leisure and human development. French utopianism socialism proposed the combination of leisure and work. Veblen criticized the conspicuous consumption of the leisure class. Fromm criticized the emphasis on possession over survival. These theories revealed that leisure and human development can be unified. The leisure discussed by Marx is divided into three levels, including the leisure of rest and relaxation, the leisure of consumption and entertainment and the leisure of human development. Marx’s leisure thought is deeply embedded in consumption theory, free time theory and labor theory. Specifically, human development is the fundamental purpose of leisure, which is the path to human development; Consumption is an important carrier of leisure, and real leisure consumption can promote human development; Free time is the essence of leisure and expands the space for human development; Labor is the foundation of leisure, labor and leisure unity can expand leisure space, make leisure more realistic; The four aspects are interrelated and all reflect the practical logic of communism which takes human development as the center. Marx’s leisure thought has important enlightenment for understanding contemporary leisure theory, leisure status, leisure problems and countermeasures: to build a new leisure value system, to coordinate the relationship between human and nature, society and self; to build a new connotation of leisure consumption and overcome consumer materialization, pay attention to humanistic meaning; to build a new connotations of free time, and realize the comprehensive and free development of human being; to build a new type of labor-leisure relationship, achieve the unity of the two, and to realize the highest human value. [Translation: www.cnki.net, 1/2023]
Some successors of Marxists once insist that the >substance<of the world is >abstract matter< of old materialism. Western Marxists who are the affirmative or negative of >substance< commonly demand re-understanding Marx’s texts because they think that the judgment doesn’t embody the real Marxist philosophical revolution. With the refusing to >abstract matter<, Lukács, Fromm, Schmidt and Gramsci etc.do their most to emphasize ontological significance of historical practice and the nullity of two-pattern of materialism and idealism to understanding Marxist philosophy. Though Western Marxism excessively emphasis on practice, their theoretical approach has important theoretical significance to the research of contemporary Chinese Marxist philosophy. [Translation: www.cnki.net, 6/2023]
This thesis conducts a comparative study between >The Summer before the Dark< by the British writer Doris Lessing and >The Edible Woman< by the Canadian writer Margaret Atwood from the perspective of Fromm’s humanistic psychoanalysis. >The Summer before the Dark< and >The Edible Woman< share a significant common theme, that is, the dilemma of contemporary women. Alienation is a prevalent phenomenon in modern society and as members of that society, females cannot escape from this problem. >The Summer before the Dark< describes the story of a middle-aged housewife, Kate, who pursues her true self after temporarily escaping from her family, and >The Edible Woman< depicts working class Marian’s process of searching for mental independence and escaping from an alienating spiritual predicament. By examining the view of human nature, alienation and road to sanity proposed Erich Fromm, this thesis thoroughly analyzes and compares the similarities between the two protagonists’ behavior when confronted with alienation, their process of awakening self-awareness and differences in their routes to mental sanity. Through systematic comparison and analysis, it can be concluded that Kate’s maternal love for children and Marian’s erotic love for Peter provide the respective sources of their alienation. Obsession with others gives them a false sense of identity which enables them to cast off their deeply-rooted feelings of separation. In such symbiotic relationships with others, both Kate and Marian lose their self-awareness as an individual being and they cannot realize their spiritual dilemma. Mental independence and self-awareness are the key to getting rid of plight and the way to mental health for them. Through intensive study, the thesis suggests a solution for those trapped in a spiritual dilemma: productive love. Productive love can meet man’s need for union with others and provide a sense of identity with the prerequisite of the development of integrity. It is the final answer to conditions of individual living plight and the only way to achieve personal equilibrium. [English: www.cnki.net, 4/2022]
E. M. Forster’s works mostly reflect the social realities of his time. At the beginning of the 20th century England was in a significant historical period of social transformation. Although material wealth was abundant people’s spiritual state and moral level were constantly retrogressive. >Where Angels Fear to Tread< was set in this background. The moral values expressed in the Mrs. Herritons the family relationships between members and the mental state of each person all reflected the social status quo of their time. This thesis analyzes the phenomenon of alienation in >Where Angels Fear to Tread< through Fromm’s theory of alienation. Alienation has become a common social phenomenon people are in a state of controlling and being controlled so they lost their own independent personality productivity and creativity. In addition money and interests dominate social relations which makes people feel less care for each other thus the social relationship is becoming more and more indifferent. This phenomenon of alienation was not only reflected in British society at the beginning of the twentieth century but also was evident in contemporary times. This thesis studies the novel with the theory of alienation. Through analyzing the manifestations of alienation in characters exploring the causes of alienation and finally achieving the ultimate goal of curing the alienation of characters this thesis not only reflects the novelist’s desire to reveal the alienation of the British middle class but also provides methods and ideas to solve the spiritual alienation of modern people through the study of alienation resistance. This thesis is mainly divided into three parts-introduction main body and conclusion. The introduction gives a brief presentation to the novelist and his works followed by a comprehensive overview of the current state of domestic and international research on >Where Angels Fear to Tread<. Finally the purpose and significance of the text are explained. The introductory part is a prelude to the rest of the study. The main part is divided into three chapters.– The first chapter starts with the embodiment of alienation which explores the embodiment of alienation between individuals and society between individuals and other people and between individuals and themselves. From these three aspects the thesis makes a specific study on the embodiment of alienation and characters’ behavior under alienation.– The second chapter mainly explores the causes of alienation. There are many reasons for characters’ alienation. On the one hand characters’ personality defects lead to their self-loss. On the other hand the influence of long-term family environment is on a person as well as the influence of social environment on them.– The third chapter studies the resistance to alienation. The resistance to alienation also starts from three aspects. The first is the individual’s efforts to get rid of his own alienation. Secondly from the perspective of love it explains the importance of creative love to improve people’s alienation. Thirdly from the social perspective it expounds the positive role of a good social environment for people to get rid of alienation. The conclusion summarizes the content of the above chapters. It can be seen that Foster has a sober understanding of the society he lives in. He expresses the concern of people’s alienation and shows his hope for overcoming alienation. With the rapid development of productive forces the great wealth of material materials and the increasing consumer demand the seemingly sound society hides a profound spiritual crisis which also coincides with Fromm’s alienation theory. Through the analysis it can be seen that studying human alienation is necessary and feasible. [English: www.cnki.net, 4/2022]
Edward Albee(1928 – 2016), one of the most outstanding avant-garde American playwrights, has acquired spectacular achievements in his life. Generally recognized as an eminent spokesman of the American theatre, Albee’s plays provide a key to understanding the capitalistic society. >At Home at the Zoo< combines Albee’s classic work, >The Zoo Story<, with its prequel, home-life, to form a complete story of Peter, Ann, and Jerry. Based on the theory of alienation, this thesis analyzes the alienation in individuals, families and society reflected in the play.– The thesis consists of three parts. The introduction reviews the achievements of Edward Albee and the style of his plays, with a particular focus on his work >At Home at the Zoo<. This part also demonstrates the development of the theory of alienation, with the focus on Erich Fromm’s theory of alienation, laying the solid foundation for the textual analysis. Erich Fromm defines alienation as a mode of experience in which the person experiences himself/herself as an alien. Due to the lack of communication resulting from over production and consumption, rampant inequality and alienation emerges in one’s relationship with another. The main body of this thesis is composed of three chapters. Chapter One analyzes the defective individuals who are alienated inside themselves. In the alienated society, everyone has an increasing sense of alienation. The three main characters in the play are without exception. While both Peter and Jerry feel powerless in their life, Ann feels anxious all the time. Chapter Two examines the dysfunctional families in which the relationships between husbands and wives as well as parents and children are alienated. As a couple, Peter and Ann are isolated from each other. Jerry’s father and mother are completely estranged. In the meantime, the relationships between parents and children are greatly worsened as in Peter’s family and Jerry’s family. Chapter Three delves into the problematic society. The confrontation between Peter and Jerry and the domination of Jerry over >the dog< reflect the alienation of the whole society.– The last part is the conclusion which points out that alienation is pervasive in the modern capitalist society after analyzing alienation reflected in the play. In the capitalistic society, people are no longer active and creative beings. They become cogs in the machine. Family is no longer a shelter for people, which is characterized by indifference and estrangement. This kind of problem can be solved by taking into account of the factors leading to alienation. Therefore, the social significance can be seen in the play based on Erich Fromm’s theory of alienation. [Translation: www.cnki.net, 4/2023]
[Chinese abstract not available] With the rapid development of the Internet and the widespread use of mobile devices, short video applications have become widely available on people’s smartphones, playing an important role in their daily lives. Currently, short video technology is constantly changing and gradually improving its functions, which has greatly enriched people’s daily life, and browsing short videos has become an important way of leisure for people, and the number of short videos has grown geometrically with users, however, short video technology has also produced alienation in this process. This article, based on Marxist humanist thought, Marcuse’s theory of technological alienation, and Fromm’s humanization of technology, delves deeply into the related issues of short video technology alienation and its governance, providing important theoretical guidance and practical reference for the development of short videos.– The specific performance of short video technology alienation is mainly in the following four aspects: First, the thinking alienation caused by short video algorithm recommendation technology, which is mainly reflected in the gradual reduction of people’s logical thinking ability, the weakening of rational judgment ability and the increasing instrumental rationality; second, the aesthetic alienation caused by short video beauty technology, mainly manifested by the objectification of self-aesthetics, the convergence of individual aesthetics and the increasing vulgarization of the mass aesthetic; thirdly, the alienation of values caused by short video rewarding technology is mainly reflected in the formation of wrong career and consumption views by diversified values, the enhancement of utilitarian values and the prevalence of egoistic values; finally, the alienation of self-presentation caused by following technology is mainly reflected in the entertainment and homogenization of self-presentation and the confusion of real self and ideal self. The causes of the problem of short video technology alienation can be attributed to three main aspects. Firstly, on the technological level, the flawed design of short video technology, including structural elements, and the uncertainty of the consequences of its application, have led to the occurrence of short video technology alienation. Secondly, on the subject level, the blind pursuit of profit by the design subject, the value of flow prioritization by the production subject, and the lack of rationality by the application subject have all contributed to the problem. Thirdly, on the social level, the undesirable effect of short video pan-entertainment, the imperfect moral education of short video technology and the unsound social supervision all lead to the alienation of short video technology to a certain extent.– This article analyzes and summarizes the problem of short video technology alienation through the method of literature analysis and the combination of theory and practice. The following measures are proposed: first, technical governance of short video technology alienation by establishing the concept of human-centered design, improving the algorithm recommendation technology system and forming an information filtering ecological environment; second, for individual governance, it is necessary to strengthen the unity of designer’s rights and obligations, promote the unity of author’s subjectivity and initiative, and encourage application users to rationally evaluate technology; third, in terms of social governance, the leading role of values should be improved, the moral education of short video technology should be strengthened, and the social regulation system should be improved. These measures are expected to promote the progress of short video technology and create a healthy short video environment. [Translation: www.cnki.net, 1/2024]
埃里希?弗洛姆,著名的人本主义哲学家、精神分析学家,其技术人道化思想是人文关怀主义研究的哲学理论之一,他的一生都在为了建立以人的全面发展为中心、技术服务于人类的理想社会环境而奋斗。弗洛姆认为,随着技术的不断发展,现代技术社会中人的发展受到了制约,社会偏离了人道化的发展,是一个异化的、病态的社会,他结合了心理学和社会学两个维度,提出了实现技术社会人道化的具体措施,希望将技术重新置于人的控制之中,营造一个健康的社会环境,最终实现人的全面发展。本文首先从弗洛姆>技术人道化<思想产生的时代背景、形成过程、思想追溯以及理论基础等四个方面入手,力图深入剖析其>技术人道化<思想。其次,对该思想的主要内容进行分析,从人的存在方式的异化现象,得出导致异化现象形成的>病原<,再>对症下药<提出如何摒除>病原<实现技术人道化发展的改革方向。最后,弗洛姆>技术人道化<思想从人性论出发,希望将人们的关注点回归到人自身的发展上,把总体社会变革与道德变革相结合,以期改变社会异化现象。虽然弗洛姆提出的实现技术社会人道化的具体方案不具有可实施性,只是构建了乌托邦式的健全社会,存在唯心主义及对资本主义批判的不彻底性,但也体现了人类对美好生活的憧憬。我国目前处于社会主义初级阶段,对我国目前技术发展的情况而言,弗洛姆技术人道化思想具有重要的借鉴意义,值得深入研究。弗洛姆技术人道化思想可以指引我们面对现代化技术社会快节奏的生活时如何树立合理的消费观念、坚定文化自信等。
Fromm inherited Marx’s humanistic thought and developed the psychoanalysis, not only do not obey the thought of theoretical connotation and forms, an important connotation in disobedience thought, also proposed shall establish a disobedient socialism and on the basis of the civil liberties cooperation of human society, form the unique ideological system. At the same time, he analyzed the phenomenon of human alienation and the adverse factors hindering the free development of human beings. The epistemological basis of his humanistic thought is the critical theory, criticizing the basic contradictions existing in capitalist society, and holding that people need to have the courage to disobey the orders of power if they want to establish humanistic socialism. On this basis, Fromm emphasizes the core concepts such as the condition of disobedience and the theoretical basis of social character, which provides a theoretical foundation for people to realize real free and comprehensive development. In addition, Fromm criticized the bureaucratic system of capitalism, the problem of old age and the psychological mechanism of escaping freedom. Based on Fromm’s disobedience thought theory origin and realistic background starting, explore the surrounding Fromm’s ideas of disobedience and evaluation, this paper expounds the main contents of Fromm’s disobedience thought, taking Marxist theory as the foundation, the theory of Fromm’s ideas of noncompliance with the value and limitations were analyzed, and thus introduces Fromm’s ideas of disobedience. [Translation: www.cnki.net, 1/2023]
The eminent British novelist and poet Thomas Hardy wrote fifteen novels, four collections of short stories, over 900 poems and two verse dramas throughout his life, leaving a valuable literary heritage for the people of the UK and the world. Jude the Obscure is set in England of 1860 s. It recounts the tragedy of the protagonist countryman Jude Fawley’s struggle for college minister and a stable marriage. It is considered as the first modern novel in the history of British literature. The theme of alienation is a basic theme of modernist literature. It is displayed in Hardy’s novels, especially in >Jude the Obscure<. This thesis adopts the humanistic psychoanalysis of the German-American Jewish social psychologist Erich Fromm to discuss and analyze the representations and reasons for Jude’s alienation in the novel. Jude lived in a stage when capitalism was rapidly developing. The social economy was thriving. The achievements of political democracy were increasingly consolidated, and the cultural cause was flourishing. Influenced by the capitalist civilization, Jude strove to stand firm in metropolises. However, the development of capitalism has two sides. With the continuous progress in economy and the technology, economic features of capitalism such as the quantification and the abstraction were constantly highlighted. The connections between individuals and the connections between people and concrete objects were increasingly vague. Political democracy not only brought people freedom, but also increased people’s sense of loneliness and powerlessness. On the one hand, cultural education encouraged individuals to develop the character of ambition and competition. On the other hand, it compelled individuals to act in accordance with social norms. In such a society, people were in atomic states. They did not get acquainted with each other. The psychological needs of individuals, also the needs of human nature that were based on their existence conditions could not be satisfied. People were only obliged to conform to social norms, which caused the alienation of individuals. Jude’s alienation is the root of his tragedy. Based on the previous research findings, this thesis attempts to interpret the theme of alienation in >Jude the Obscure< via the theory of Erich Fromm’s humanistic psychoanalysis. It hopes to have a better understanding of Hardy’s modernist literary spirit. [www.cnki.net, 1/2023]
Fromm is a representative of >Freudian Marxism<. He combined some of Marx’s guidance theories and Freud’s seminars on the spirit level, and analyzed their mental orientation, their current plight, and revealed the profound psychological mechanism of modern man and the nature of the alienation of personality. He proposed a new theory of >escape from freedom< which was totally different from the former one. The only way to truly free yourself is to use love and creative work. His theory of escaping freedom not only provides insight and reflection to the people in the pursuit of real freedom, but also provide some reference for the construction of socialism in China’s new era. [Translation: www.cnki.net, 4/2023]
The authors examine the influence that psychoanalysts’ economic situation has on the current state of psychoanalysis, particularly focusing on the situation in Germany and employing a perspective afforded by Marxian commodity analysis. Their analysis brings them to conclude that, in psychoanalysis, the suspension of truth value, the tolerance shown towards contradictory concepts, the lack of conceptual criticism, and the exclusion of sociocritical issues seem to be effects of psychoanalysts’ interest in realizing the exchange value of their psychoanalytic treatment and their accompanying lesser interest towards its use value.
Настоящая статья является попыткой прочтения русской фэнтези авторов женщинписательниц Елены Хаецкой и Марии Семёновой, с точки зрения гендерных исследований. Автор статьи находит в мироощущении и субъективности героев черты матриархальной (в романе Семёновой Волкодав) и патриархальной (в цикле новелл Е. Хаецкой, под общим названием Мракобес) структур. В том, как герой реагирует на окружающиймир, происходящие события и женщину, воплощается его субъективность, отражающаяэти системы общественных отношений. Автор статьи показывает тоже, как образ женщины меняется под влиянием точки зрения героев‑мужчин(в зависимости от того, какойтип общественных отношений они представляют собой): от богини по проститутку, отпочитания по страх перед ее натуральностью и телесностью.Главные слова: гендер, герой фэнтези, женская фэнтези, патриархальное/матриархальноемироощущение.
Wielcy myśliciele XX w. spostrzegają człowieka jako pewnego rodzaju >wybryk natury<, który wyłonił się nagle ze świata zwierzęcego, aby zaraz utracić większość swojego instynktu charakterystycznego dla zachowań zwierząt (za: Fromm, 1995). Wobec tego człowiek stał się bezradnym i bezbronnym łupem w walce o przetrwanie w świecie zwierząt. Jednak zostało w nim coś, co go odróżniało od jego >pobratymców<. Tę pozostałość stanowią zdolność myślenia, wyobraźnia i samoświadomość, które to pomogły człowiekowi przekształcić całą otaczającą go przyrodę i zmienić siebie.
>Woman in Love< explores the psychological problems of love with a passion and depth unprecedented in English fiction, and represents the highest achievement of Lawrence’s work. It represents the highest achievement of Lawrence’s work, and thus, along with >The Rainbow<, it became the forerunner of the modern novel. The novel revolves around sheer devastation and renders the inquiry about philosophy, life, love and death from the rushing urge to die over and over again, displaying a profound modernity, searching for eternal values in the essence of life and carnal faith. This thesis uses Erich Fromm’s humanistic psychoanalysis theory, which includes the theory of human needs, authoritarianism, destructiveness, the productive orientation, man’s alienation and man’s living situation and analyzes alienations of characters in >Women in Love<, causes, and proposes positive ways to face it. This thesis consists of three parts: introduction, main body and conclusion. Introduction part includes brief introduction of Lawrence, >Women in Love< and humanistic psychoanalysis theory and literary review of >Women in Love<. The main body of the thesis is divided into three chapters. – The first chapter analyses the alienations of the characters from the psychological description and interactions with others. They no longer pay attention to their own spirit state; appear their destructiveness; alienate themselves and others as objects; lack inner vitality and lose the desire for love and fun of life.– The second chapter analyzes the causes of alienation, including the weakening of humanistic conscience under irrational authority; repression by >social filter<; unbalance of >polarity< connection between the sense of self and that of others), and the gradual erosion of people’s mental state by industrial society.– The third chapter puts forward the possible salvation from human needs. Fromm thinks that alienated people are uncreative people. A truly healthy man is one who loves others, has the sense of identity, develops reason, returns to the nature, and pursues his lifestyle under >the being mode<.– Conclusion part expounds the alienation of characters in >Women in Love<, explores Lawrence’s thinking on human nature through the characteristics of characters in the novel so as to display the artistic charm of >Women in Love< and point out the practical significance of this paper. In addition, this thesis aims to appeal to modern people to understand daily life and to find their own identity and lifestyle by providing a new and meaningful perspective. [Translation: www.cnki.net, 1/2023]
Социальная трансформация – актуальная в текущих философских и общественных реалиях концепция, которая получила проблематизацию и начала рассматриваться вместе с появлением и развитием социальной философии несколько веков назад. Особенный вклад в этот вопрос был внесен в рамках улучшения качества знаний о человеке с развитием психологии как науки и методологии, в частности – психоанализа и неофрейдизма. Данная статья посвящена вопросу этической трансформации общества на примере радикального гуманистического психоанализа Эриха Фромма – неофрейдистской концепции, которая требует уточнения и пояснения несмотря на обилие материала по теме. В качестве методов исследования были использованы качественный анализ первичных эмпирических данных, обработка вторичных эмпирических данных, анализ различных взглядов по выбранной теме. В настоящей статье проводится рассмотрение основных понятий гуманистического психоанализа Фромма в рамках изучаемого вопроса, а также оценка концептуальной применимости его теории к вопросу социальной трансформации. В процессе исследования автор приходит к выводу, что теоретические построения Эриха Фромма изучаются недостаточно скрупулезно, содержат уникальную идиографическую точку зрения на процесс социальной трансформации, обладают практической применимостью для широкого круга пользователей предлагаемой информации – философов, психологов, социологов, историков, религиоведов.
Epilogue
(2020)
Recent decades have witnessed a surge of important studies dealing with intellectuals’ confrontation with fascism and Nazism, and the societal roles that they can play, especially during such “dark times.” This is an area that is close to my study, and it is therefore important to mark the difference between some of these studies and mine in terms of content and form and with regard to the meaning and significance intellectuals assigned to their works.
Erich Fromm was a German social psychologist and psychoanalyst who was associated with the Frankfurt School of Critical Theory. He was known for developing the concept that freedom was a fundamental part of human nature and for challenging the theories of Sigmund Freud. In his works he presented the view that understanding of basic human needs is essential to the understanding of society and mankind. In >Escape from Freedom< Fromm explores humanity’s shifting relationship with freedom, with particular regard to the personal consequences of its absence.
>The Mass Psychology of Fascism< (1933) was the first psychological inquiry into Fascism. In this work the psychoanalyst Wilhelm Reich (1897–1957) explores how Fascists came into power, and explain their rise as a symptom of sexual repression. It was followed by other psychological interpretations of Nazism by Jewish exiles from the Third Reich, from Erich Fromm’s >Escape from Freedom< (1942), to Siegfried Kracauer’s >From Caligari to Hitler: A Psychological History of the German Film< (1947), and Erich Neumann’s >Depth Psychology and a New Ethic< (1949).
Introduction
(2020)
>Jewish Exiles’ Psychological Interpretations of Nazism< examines works of four German-Jewish scholars who, in their places of exile, sought to probe the pathology of the Nazi mind: Wilhelm Reich’s >The Mass Psychology of Fascism< (1933), Erich Fromm’s >Escape from Freedom< (1941), Siegfried Kracauer’s >From Caligari to Hitler: A Psychological History of the German Film< (1947), and Erich Neumann’s >Depth Psychology and a New Ethic< (1949). While scholars have examined these authors’ individual legacies, no comparative analysis of their shared concerns has yet been undertaken, nor have the content and form of their psychological inquiry into Nazism been seriously and systematically analyzed. Yet, the sense of urgency in their works calls for attention. They all took up their pens to counter Nazi barbarism, believing, like the English jurist and Judge Sir William Blackstone, that >scribere est agree< (to write is to act).
Examines works of four German-Jewish scholars who, in their exile, sought to probe the pathology of the Nazi mind.– Provides an introduction, a biographical sketch, a historical discussion of the development of each individual’s thought, and an explication of each of the four major works.– Includes discussions of Wilhelm Reich, Erich Fromm, Siegfried Kracauer, and Erich Neumann.
The topic of the present bachelor thesis is Erich Fromm and his specific concept of a human being and psychoanalysis. In his works, this famous psychologist was able to explain the position of a human being in the society, their needs and problems linked to their own existence. The introductory chapter summarizes fundamental facts about Fromm’s life and mentions several important personalities who influenced his thinking. The following chapters focus on the main issues of Fromm’s concept of a human being, especially their place in the environment, their relationship with the surrounding world, life philosophy and the issue of personal freedom. It deals in detail with the issues of love, aggression, freedom and the >To Be and to Have< life philosophy. Another issue this thesis deals with is Fromm’s approach to psychoanalysis and religion. The concluding chapter contains the fact about the founder of psychoanalysis, Sigmund Freud and a comparison of the individual concepts of a human being as formulated by Freud and Fromm respectively.
Gerade in der heutigen Zeit hat durch die große Menge an Kulturangeboten sowie deren weite Verbreitung und Zugänglichkeit über das Internet der Mensch unzählige Inspirationen und Möglichkeiten zur Selbstentfaltung. Jedoch beobachtet Simmel, dass der moderne Kulturmensch all dieses nur noch im Modus des Konsumierens wahrnimmt und gar nicht mehr selbst schöpferisch tätig wird. Er ist von der unüberschaubaren Vielzahl, Komplexität und Grenzenlosigkeit der Objekte überfordert sowie durch Technisierung und Arbeitsteilung von den Dingen entfremdet, sodass eine seelische Entwicklung gar nicht mehr möglich ist. Obgleich die Kulturgüter dem Subjekt bei seiner Entfaltung dienen sollen, verunmöglicht ihre Übermacht gerade dieses – was Simmel als die Tragödie der Kultur bezeichnet. Gleichzeitig betont er, dass diese unvermeidlich sei. Es stellt sich die Frage, ob es tatsächlich keinen Ausweg aus dieser Tragödie gibt. Was kann der moderne Mensch tun, damit in der heutigen Überflussgesellschaft die Seele nicht verkümmert? Eine Antwort ergibt sich möglicherweise aus Erich Fromms Konzept der zwei Existenzweisen von Haben und Sein, welches er in seinem Werk >Haben oder Sein< beschrieben hat. Der Charakter des modernen Kulturmenschen ist demnach überwiegend geprägt von der Existenzweise des Habens – mit allen sich daraus ergebenden Problemen. Es wird für diese Hausarbeit thesenhaft angenommen, dass die Tragödie der Kultur eben auf jener dominierenden Existenzweise des Habens beruht und eine Lösung des Konfliktes möglich ist, wenn der Mensch von der Existenzweise des Habens zur Existenzweise des Seins wechselt. Dabei zeigen jüngste Trends wie der Minimalismus oder die Do-it-yourself-Bewegung, dass ein Umdenken in einigen Teilen der Gesellschaft bereits stattfindet und der Mensch versucht, durch eingeschränkten Konsum und Reduzierung der Objekte auf das Wesentliche wieder zu jener Freiheit zu finden, die es ihm möglich macht, selbst tätig zu werden und in eine von Lebendigkeit geprägte, schöpferische Beziehung zu den Dingen zu treten, die die Seele wieder berühren und die Persönlichkeit sowie Individualität entwickeln. In dieser Arbeit soll jener Zusammenhang näher dargestellt werden. [Eurobuch.com]
In today’s society, sharing bicycle has rapidly penetrated into people’s social life and become a new way of travel because it solves the problem of >the last kilometer< for people to travel. With the share bicycle industry entering the second half of the competition, the industrial focus has returned from capital invest¬ment to product design. How to form a more user-friendly sharing bicycle interaction system and enhance user experience has become an important issue affecting the development of the share bicycle industry. At present, the research on shared bicycle human-computer interaction system is still in its infancy, mainly through regular user interviews and questionnaires. However, in traditional research, users can only describe their problems in the process of interaction sensitively, and may not be able to realize and express their deep needs. Therefore, it is very important to tap the deep needs of users in the interaction process and improve the user experience purposefully.– There are three main innovations in this paper: 1. Using innovative theoretical research methods, intro¬du¬cing psychological theory into design analysis, and based on Fromm psychology, we can get the charac¬teristic emotions of shared psychology. 2. Introducing emotional reporting method into experience evalu¬ation, and carrying out emotional quantification experiments based on the characteristic emotions of Fromm psychology. The experimental data analysis can accurately extract users’ deep interaction needs under the shared psychology. 3. Based on the deep interaction needs, the optimization design practice is finally com¬pleted. In the research process, based on the current research status of shared bicycle in academia, this study uses user interviews and other research methods to conduct in depth analysis and summary of the current shared bicycle interaction system; extracts characteristic emotions based on Fromm’s psychological theory, builds a reasonable emotional quantification experimental scheme and carries out experiments, processes and analyses the experimental data, and concludes that users are in common. In order to meet the deep demand of sharing bicycle interactive experience, the optimization design practice of new sharing bicycle interactive system is completed. The main achievements of this research include: under the gui¬dance of Fromm’s psychology theory, a method of extracting the require¬ments of shared bicycle human-computer interaction system design based on emotional quantification is proposed, and a new human-computer interaction experience model is established; a new process of deep demand mining for human-computer interaction system under shared psychology is formed; and the existing shared bicycle human-computer interaction interface is optimized. [Translation: www.cnki.net, 4/2023]
This paper sets out to examine in a comparative framework Pitirim A. Sorokin and Erich Fromm's conceptions of love. The core argument is s in the complementarity between self-love and altruistic love. In conclude, altruistic love and self-love are not contradictory to each other. Those who don't love themselves cannot love others, nevertheless, those who ignore others cannot love themselves. What I try to show in this thesis is to clarify this fact.
This paper sets out to examine in a comparative framework Pitirim A. Sorokin and Erich Fromm's conceptions of love. The core argument is s in the complementarity between self-love and altruistic love. In conclude, altruistic love and self-love are not contradictory to each other. Those who don't love themselves cannot love others, nevertheless, those who ignore others cannot love themselves. What I try to show in this thesis is to clarify this fact.
Gejolak konsep Ketuhanan sepanjang perjalanan kehidupan manusia senatiasa terjadi. Erich Fromm (1900-1980) yang merupakan seorang psikoanalis Mazhab Frankfurt, dalam karya-karyanya secara tersirat telah mencirikan suatu konsep yang dinamakannya sendiri sebagai ‘Mistisisme Non-Teistik’ sebagai suatu bentuk spiritualitas yang humanis dan mengatasi keterpisahan manusia yang dalam istilah Fromm disebut >well being< sebagai konsekuensi eksitensinya, yang akhirnya dapat mengatasi dilema kemanusiaan dan keberagaman. Kajian ini merupakan sebuah upaya untuk menguraikan pemahaman Ketuhann dalam perspektif Erich Fromm, serta relasi Tuhan dan manusia.
Kadın cinayetleri Türkiye’de önemli bir toplumsal sorun olarak varlığını korumaktadır. Cinayetlerin temelinde şiddet ve saldırganlık eğilimlerinin etkisi görülmektedir. Bu sebeple şiddetin psikolojik boyutu cinayet eylemlerinde belirleyici olmaktadır. Saldırganlık eğilimi birikerek bir şekilde gelişerek cinayet eylemlerine dönüşmektedir. Kadın cinayetleri incelenirken öncelikle bireyde mevcut bulunan saldırgan davranışların ele alınması gerekmektedir. Çalışmada şiddet ve saldırganlık eğilimlerinin bireysel anlamda psikolojik temelleri üzerine teorik çalışmalara değinilmektedir. Erich Fromm ve Sigmund Freud’un saldırganlık tipolojileri kuramsal açıdan dikkate değer görülmektedir. Çalışmada yöntem olarak vaka çalışması tercih edilmektedir. Çalışma kapsamında Türkiye’de son on yılda işlenen kadın cinayetleri ele alınmaktadır. Toplamda 2380 kadın cinayetinden 1260 vaka incelenmektedir. İncelenen vakalarda sağlıklı sonuçlar elde edilmesi bakımından nicelik, nitelik, işleniş biçimi ve sebepleri bakımından aydınlatılmış olması temel referans noktasını oluşturmaktadır. Cinayet eylemlerinde failin özellikleri, öldürme biçimi, sebebi, katil ve maktul ilişkisi dikkate alınmaktadır. Kadınların, en sık vakit geçirdiği kişiler tarafından öldürüldü gözlenmektedir. Cinayet işleme biçiminde ateşli silahlar yoğun olarak kullanılmaktadır. Cinayetlerde erkeğin özgürlük alanının daralması ve erkeğin kadın üzerindeki hâkimiyetinin ortadan kalkması önemli sebepleri oluşturmaktadır. Çalışmada cinayet sebepleri üzerinden ortak odak noktaları tespit edilerek çözüm önerileri sunulmaktadır. Kadına yönelik cinayet eylemlerinde bireysel silahlanma ve uzun vadede cinayeti önleyici politikalar üzerine yoğunlaşılmaktadır. Çalışmanın amacı işlenen kadın cinayetleri üzerinden vaka çalışması yaparak teorik çalışmalar ışığında bir takım çözüm önerileri sunmaktır.
This study is to suggest the aggression, human`s instinct as the new essence of sport. Through the psychological approach it could be found that the aggression which is human instinct is deeply related with the origin of sport. In relation to the instinct of death Freud has proved that there exists the aggression in human mentality and it could be said that the aggression of sport is related with Thanatos, the instinct of death that Freud said. Fromm, a sociopsychologist expanded the concept of Freud`s aggression and divided the aggression in human mentality as the defensive and positive aggression and destructive and malignant aggression and he saw that sport is related with the malignant aggression. I think we have to discard the attitude just to try to adapt the methodical value of sport although the value of sport exists with human instinct. Sport is the only thing to express and purify the aggression and it is expected to play the important role to create the future culture.
Analytic writers have studied existential anxiety or annihilation anxiety, emanating from traumatic disruptions to people’s sense of going-on-being, reminders of their finitude, and facing a chaotic reality, and suggested that they can endure this anxiety by being with and living through it together with another person. The literature suggests that to be with patients who experience such anxiety, therapists need to indulge >narcissistically< in their own memories and fantasies of similar experiences, and, in parallel to the patients, enter transient regressive states. Sometimes, however, therapists are faced with a chaotic analytic reality that arouses existential anxiety in themselves, and seek to share it with their supervisors who, by experiencing parallel regressive states, can identify with their supervisees and grasp their experiences. Supervisors who consistently fail to be with their supervisees at such moments and persist in offering them new constructions of therapeutic materials might strengthen the supervisees’ defensive operations and disrupt their development as therapists.
Children construct their inner worlds by internalizing real and imagined aspects of their parental figures and their families as whole objects with their relational configurations. These familial configurations are often evoked in the context of communities that, similarly to families, struggle to preserve and advance their unity and collective values, interests, and symbols. Supervisees acknowledge their internalized familial relational configurations when they explore their countertransferences and their transferential responses to the analytic community. Understanding these transferences in supervision may facilitate the process of assimilating the analytic community into supervisees’ professional selves. Moreover, the supervisors represent and mediate both the community’s balanced and flexible relational therapeutic positions and its complexities. These positions might provide the supervisees with new group-object experiences and change their defensively organized rigid familial relational configurations, thereby further integrating the supervisees’ professional selves as well as strengthening the analytic community.
To maintain complex civilisation within planetary boundaries, we must secure a whole >system of systems< transformation of our activities. In this article, based on the lecture notes for my keynote speech at the International Conference on Critical and Radical Humanist Work and Organizational Psychology, I explore the ethical dimensions of making organisations that can help us improve our collective decision-making and at the same time become persons whose acting and being is consistent with the sustainability imperative. I outline a human capability for ethical organising which is directed towards making organisations that generate life-value, or those resources by which we cultivate the relational and material conditions for stewarding and sustaining all living beings and things. The >value of meaningfulness< and >mutuality as an organising principle< afford conversion factors for translating our general >will to form< into a human capability for ethically desirable organising. Meaningful work provides action contexts for people to discover, protect and develop values that matter to them. The moral value of meaningfulness is also productive for breaking into vicious cycles of corporate alienation that prevent the emergence of organisations as collective moral agents, characterised by integrity and empathy. I conclude that we need a fresh democratic dispensation – one that covers our associational life across all fields of endeavour.