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Rather than being absolute, human freedom is relative because human situation and condition limits it. Also relative is press freedom. History of press in Indonesia recorded that press freedom is experienced once more by Indonesian people after the 1998 reform. At implementation level, there are numerous debates on the definition of freedom. This research attempts to analyze autonomous and dynamics press freedom in Indonesia as observed from Erich Fromm’s perspective. This research is a qualitative research on philosophical problem analyzed by means of historical-factual approach. Research result indicates that autonomous and dynamic press can be achieved through two actions. First, opposing the parties who prevent press from becoming themselves. Second, developing the >culture< of rationality, i.e. accustoming the press to develop their common sense to reach each of their realistic point.
Penelitian ini berjudul >Dimensi Ontologis Kebebasan Menurut Erich Fromm Relevansinya bagi Pengembangan Pers di Indonesia<. Penelitian ini dilatarbelakangi oleh perubahan sosial yang terjadi di Indonesia akibat reformasi, khususnya berkaitan dengan persoalan kebebasan pers. Kebebasan pers, saat ini, menjadi sarana strategis dalam mengembangkan kehidupan kebangsaan yang lebih demokratis. Namun banyak indikasi menunjukkan bahwa, makna kebebasan pers kurang dipahami, sehingga sebagian di antara ribuan penerbitan tidak lagi berperan sebagai pers yang bertanggung jawab. Oleh karena itu, sebuah pemahaman yang komprehensif tentang kebebasan manusia dan maknanya bagi kebebasan pers di Indonesia sangatlah diperlukan. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk menggali dan merumuskan pandangan Erich Fromm tentang makna kebebasan manusia, melakukan analisis atas dimensi ontologis yang terkandung di dalam konsep kebebasan Erich Fromm, melakukan refleksi untuk menemukan relevansi kebebasan Erich Fromm dengan pengembangan pers di Indonesia. Penelitian ini adalah penelitian pustaka yang termasuk di dalam penelitian historis-faktual, atau penelitian tentang problema filosofis. Objek material penelitian ini adalah konsep kebebasan manusia yang dikemukakan oleh Erich Fromm, sedangkan objek formalnya adalah ontologi. Unsur metodis pengkajian yang dipakai adalah deskripsi, koherensi internal, kesinambungan historis, analitika bahasa, abstraksi, hermenutika, dan heuristika. Hasil penelitian ini adalah sebagai berikut: (1) Erich Fromm mengartikan kebebasan sebagai orientasi struktur karakter dan sebagai kemampuan untuk memilih. Manusia modern telah berhasil meraih kebebasan negatif, >freedom from<, yakni bebas dari penentuan naluri dan belenggu alam, namun belum mampu merealisasikan kebebasan positif >freedom to< yakni untuk mencapai realisasi diri yang produktif dan kemandirian. (2) Dimensi ontologis pemikiran kebebasan Erich Fromm adalah dimensi otonomi kebebasan; dimensi dinamika kebebasan; dan materialitas kebebasan. Dilihat dari dimensi otonomi, kebebasan positif mengimplikasikan prinsip bahwa tidak ada kekuasaan yang lebih tinggi daripada diri-individu yang unik. Dilihat dari dimensi dinamika, kebebasan berkembang sesuai dengan struktur karakter manusia/masyarakat. Dilihat dari dimensi materialitas, kebebasan lebih berorientasi pada upaya pencapaian kenikmatan materi dan penguasaan alam. material. (3) Relevansi konsep kebebasan Erich Fromm bagi pengembangan kebebasan pers di Indonesia adalah: (a) bahwa dalam pengembangan pers di Indonesia, kebebasan pers dilandaskan pada dimensi otonomi kebebasan. Pers yang otonom adalah pers yang tidak ditunggangi 0leh kepentingan di luar pers; (b) bahwa kebebasan pers harus berkembang secara dinamis sesuai dengan tuntutan perkembangan zaman tanpa kehilangan karakter, identitas diri, dan idealism. (c) relevansi dimensi ontologis materialitas adalah bahwa orientasi kebebasan pers diarahkan pada peningkatan nilai-nilai yang bersifat humanis sehingga mampu mewujudkan manusia mandiri yang dapat menggunakan akal, dan kesadarannya sebagai ukuran penilaian.
Human being needs to be understood deeply by exploring fundamental characters. The fundamental characters have a set of dichotomized situation. Personally, in the process of thinking and behaving, people try to solve those dichotomized problems. The attempts can be seen in the form of character and orientation desired. These are ideology. The ideology determines attitudes and ideas undeliberately fight his human existence. The ideology correlates with conflict situations of human. This obligates free choices according to his fundamental attitudes. Erich Fromm solved the problem which is relevant to the ideology by making the concept of >to be<, in human potencies be confronted with concept of >to have< which signed by productive activity, autonomous, critical, and freedom.
Mencintai seseorang adalah suatu tindakanYang memanifestasikan rasa kasih saying yang sangat manusiawi dan universal. Akan tetapi dalam prakteskoya mencintai dan dicintai pada sebagian orang mencerminkan dehumanisasi, baik dalam engawali, berproses maupun mrencanakan (menggapai) tujuan bersama. Hal ini disebabkan sebagian orang tersebut terbujuk kesandaran palsu ideologi kiapitalisme, inilah tesis Erich Fromm yang melandasi pembuatan bukunya >The Art of Loving<. Berangkat dari alasan tersebut, penelitian ini bertujuan untuk memahami landasan filsafat psikoanalisa Erich Fromm, konsep seni mencintainya sertamemahami apakah ada hubungan antara landasan filsafat psikoanalisa Erich Fromm dengan konsep seni mencintai Erich Fromm Metode penelitian yang digunakan untuk mencapai ketiga tujuan tersebut herjenis penelitian kualitatatif yang berorientasi pada kajian literature (Library research). Tehnik membaca yang dipergunakan pada riset ini adalah tehnik membaca pada tingkat simbolik dan membaca pada tingkat semantic. Kedua tehnik ini bertujuan menangkap dan memahami makna kebudayaan munsia, nila-nilai, symbol-simbol, pemikiran-pemikiran serta kelakuan manusia yang memiliki sifat ganda yang terdapt dalam buku > The Art of Loving< Erich Fromm. Melalui pendeskripsian bab dua Landasan Ilmu Psikoanalisa Erich Fromm dan bab tiga Deskripsi Singkat Buku >The Art of Loving< Erich Fromm kemudian menganalisanya pada bab empat, jawaban yang dihadirkan pada bab penutup sebagai berikut: (1) Landasan filsafat psikoanalisa Erich Fromm meliputi: (a) filsafat utopianisme. Mengikuti teori pengembangan landasan filsafat ilmu, maka filsafat utopianisme. Mengikute teori pengembangan landasan filsafat ilmu, maka filsafat utopianisme merupakan dimensi ontologis psikoanalisa Erich Fromm, (b) dimensi epistemologis psikoanalisa Erich Fromm cerminan dari filsafat Materialisme historis. Fromm menggunakan filsafat Materialisme historis, dan, (c) Untuk dimensi aksiologisnya, psikoanalisa Fromm menggunakan teori yang terdapat dalam Zen Budhisme serta cerita-cerita Bible, dan (2). Maksud dengan seni mencintai dalam buku >The Art of Loving< Erich Fromm adalah seni yang berlatar belakang pengetahuan cinta dalam upaya pengembangan totalitas kepribadian secara aktif untuk tercapainya sebentuk orientasi produktif.
Erich Fromm was an internationally renowned social psychologist and philosopher of the twentieth century. In order to analyze the social phenomenon of capitalism, he spent his life trying to combine Marxism with Freudian Psychoanalysis. Fromm hopes to find the master key to realize the spiritual freedom and perfect life of human beings by repeatedly questioning the various realistic dilemmas, conflicts and cultural crises of human existence in the western society. Starting from the realistic dilemma faced by the capitalist society, he introduced Freud’s psychoanalysis theory to the micro level of alienation, formed the theory of alienation with its own characteristics, and enriched the connotation of Marx’s alienation thought. Marx has pointed out clearly that the alienation of real life and the alienation of consciousness constitute two representative areas of alienation in human life. Starting from the most basic practical activity-labor, Marx develops his theory of alienation and discusses the alienation of the external world or real life. Fromm, on the other hand, made a supplementary study on alienation from the perspective of internal concept or subjective consciousness. And through the comprehensive analysis and criticism of the capitalist society, put forward the psychological revolution theory and social reform plan to save the human being and establish a sound society. In modern society, with the continuous development of economy, science and technology, people’s ultimate goal of social development is to better meet their own needs for development, and people’s awareness of increasingly prominent social subject status has been constantly enhanced. But at the same time, human existence also faces many new problems. How to effectively solve the dilemma of human development has become the primary task of contemporary society. Fromm’s theory of alienation actively focuses on the living conditions of human beings, attaches importance to the self-realization and creative development of human beings, and tries to find a way for the sound development of human beings.– Therefore, the study of Fromm’s theory of alienation is undoubtedly of reference significance to solve the survival crisis of modern people. Based on the comprehensive analysis and interpretation of Fromm’s dissimilation theory, this paper, on the basis of clarifying its theoretical connotation, captures its theoretical characteristics and makes a scientific analysis of its achievements and shortcomings. Finally, combining with the background of globalization and the reality of the whole social development, it points out the contemporary value of its theory, especially the practical significance to the development of socialism with Chinese characteristics. [Translation: www.cnki.net, 4/2023]
Margaret Drabble (1939 –) is one of the most influential and prolific women writers in contemporary British literature, who has awarded the CBE and the DBE by the Queen of England. Different from the contemporary female intellectuals’ struggle in previous works, Drabble shows great humanistic concerns after 1980s, and explores such contemporary social dilemmas as moral disorder, loss of faith, twisted relationship, and money worship. As a mature work of Drabble, >The Radiant Trilogy<, >The Radiant Way<, >A Natural Curiosity<, >The Gates of Ivory<) completely shows her reflections on ideological changing in modern society. Based on Erich Fromm’s humanistic philosophy, this thesis exposes the alienation with human distortion and moral decay, deepening the study of Drabble’s work from moral dimension. Fromm’s humanistic philosophy discussed the alienation, negative freedom and love, exposing the relation of >quantification< and >abstraction< with self-alienation, invisible authority and consumption alienation etc. Besides, he regards the reconstruction of self-identity, the reclaiming of love and the restoration of creative life as essential elements to realize the integrity of human with the self, the outside world and human activities. Chapter one explains how alienation is caused and intensified by modern social development in >The Radiant Trilogy<. It discusses the political, economic, informative and cultural crisis based on >quantification< and >abstraction< under the capitalist system and the technological revolution. The causes of alienation vary from person to person, but from macro-perspective, society was the root. Individualism and commercial liberalization of Thatcher Government in the 1980s aggravates the alienated situation in society, meanwhile, the regime of bureaucratic, the capitalization of the economy, the decreasing value of knowledge, and the distortion of information contributes to a widespread alienation.– Chapter two discusses the Internal reflections of alienation on human nature in >The Radiant Trilogy<, including the absence of self, the twisted relationships, the invisible authority, the decay of professional moral and the distortion of values. Alix and Shirley’s various results of alienation under different living environments, Liz’s loss in >party socializing<, the public’s indifference to Paul, Charles’ commercialization in work, and Miss Porntip’s money worship all embodies the results of alienation’s attack to traditional ethical standards and social customs.– Chapter three explores the approach to overcome alienation in >The Radiant Trilogy<. With Fromm’s idea of >the new human<, thesis excavates three protagonists’ efforts on transcending alienation through self-return, mature love and creative life. Once lost in unreliable social friendship, Liz rediscovers her self-identity and regains the warmth of family. Alix, with selfless love and generosity, heals Paul’s wounds left by alienation and original sin. In addition, the friendship between Liz, Alix and Esther builds a radiant way for them to pursue a removal of alienation. Alienation is aroused by social, political, economic, cultural factors, and specifically embodied as the separation of human from himself, from others, from work, and from consumption. With Margaret Drabble’s turning from feminism to humanism, >The Radiant Trilogy< expresses the radiance and hope of saving alienation in modern society with mature love and productive activities. [www.cnki.net, 1/2023]
[Chinese abstract not available] Paulo Freire is regarded as the initiator of the >third revolution< in the history of educational theory since Herbart and Dewey, and the first educational philosopher who applied critical theory and its related concepts to the field of education in modern times. He proposes a kind of dialogic education as opposed to >banking education<. This study takes >how can education realize humanization< as the core issue to explore the ethics of Freire’s dialogic education, reveal the critical value of his thought, and hope to provide a reference for educational ethics. Freire’s dialogic education confronts the reality of Brazilian education, that is, educational inequality caused by colonialism and cultural invasion.– In the first chapter of this paper, it is pointed out that Freire criticized the >dehumanization< oppression of the educated in >banking education<, and pointed out that >banking education< denied the subjective value of the educated under the premise of the dichotomy between man and the world, and destroyed the educated’s reflective and critical ability by deifying knowledge or instilling mechanical content, which eventually led to the alienation of the relationship between teachers and students. Out of the ethical concern and moral response to the oppressed, Freire took education as a field to fight against the dehumanization’s situation, and proposed a kind of >dialogic education< aimed at realizing the ontological mission of >humanization<. Freire’s dialogic education is based on complex philosophy, which is characterized by eclecticism. The second chapter of this paper explains the philosophical basis of dialogic education in a systematic way, and lays a theoretical foundation for the ethical connotation of the next chapter. Specifically, this paper discusses the philosophical basis of dialogic education from three dimensions: methodology, ontology and axiology. Firstly, this paper analyzes the structural contradiction of >oppressor-oppressed< in >banking education< with reference to the psychological and pathological mechanism of Hegel’s >master-slave dialectic< and Fromm’s >sadism-masochism<, and puts forward that its methodological basis lies in dialectics. Secondly, based on Marx’s >false consciousness<, >alienated labor< and Sartre’s >presupposition of absolute human freedom<, this paper analyzes the alienation of >oppressor-oppressed< and the fear of freedom in education, and puts forward that its existential basis lies in human freedom and the possibility of dehumanization. Thirdly, this paper analyzes the eclectic attitude of dialogic education with the reference of Christian humanism and Marxist emancipation of mind, and puts forward that its axiological basis is based on the realization of the soundness of human nature. Based on the relevant theories of philosophical foundations, the third chapter of this paper explains the ethical content of dialogic education from three aspects: ethical principles, educational process, and ethical purposes. Taking Freire’s ontological mission of humanization, autonomy and motivation of love as the ethical principles of dialogic education, it urges people to reconstruct their cognition of themselves and society from a critical perspective, and returns the right to voice to the marginalized people who are drowning in the >culture of silence<. Dialogic education is a process of awakening consciousness and conscience, which aims at achieving equality, solidarity and emancipation among subjects. At the same time, the ethical purpose of dialogic education is to maintain the openness of dialogue through critical reading and writing, and to develop a specific way of being and acting for human emancipation.– The fourth chapter focuses on the two challenges faced by dialogic education, namely, the conflict between guidance and equal dialogue in the process of dialogic education, and the implicit inequality in the process of conscience awakening. This paper argues that we should distinguish between directive, permissive, and manipulative behaviors of educators in the educational process, and find a balance between directive and democratic teaching to achieve an equal ethical relationship between educators and educated people. At the same time, our interpretation of Freire’s thought should be comprehensive and objective, instead of clinging to his early works. We should face up to the ethical purpose of Freire’s dialogic education, that is, to realize human liberation in the process of facing universal human ethics. All in all, Freire’s ethical position is consistent. He always takes the realization of >humanization< as his educational vision, pays attention to the life and communication of the oppressed bottom groups, and emphasizes the rights of vulnerable groups or minorities. He affirmed the ethical connotation of >education< and strived to promote >education as a truly good cause<. Therefore, dialogic education has always sought the liberation of all people as its ultimate goal, and its purpose finally points to a kind of >universal human ethics which is indispensable to human communication life<. [Translation: www.cnki.net, 1/2024]
Political Reactionism as Affective Practice: UKIP Supporters and Non‐Voters in Pre‐Brexit England
(2021)
Cinta dapat dijadikan sebagai jawaban bagi pertanyaan mengenai eksistensi manusia. Maka banyak filsuf dari barat maupun timur yang menawarkan konsep mengenai cinta, Erich Fromm adalah salah satunya yang menganggap bahwa mencintai adalah seni. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk mengklasifikasikan lima objek cinta dari pemikiran Erich Fromm dalam puisi-puisi karya W.S Rendra. Puisi dipilih menjadi objek penelitian karena puisi dapat digunakan sebagai sarana seseorang mengungkapkan cinta. Metode penelitian ini adalah studi literatur juga kajian pustaka. Hasil dari penelitian ini terdapat lima judul puisi yang mewakili kelima objek cinta tersebut, pertama objek cinta persaudaraan berjudul >Aku Mendengar Suara< karena puisi ini berisikan Rendra yang mencintai saudara sesamanya yang tertindas. Objek cinta keibuan berjudul “Ibunda” berisi cinta ibu yang layaknya bumi yang memberikan kesuburannya bagi anak-anaknya agar tumbuh serta mengorbankan semua hal yang ibu punya bagi anak-anaknya, benar-benar mencintai meskipun tak mendapatkan apapun dari sang anak. Objek cinta erotis dengan judul >Barangkali Karena Bulan< mengenai cinta eksklusif kepada satu orang yaitu cinta penyair kepada seorang wanita. Cinta diri dengan puisi berjudul >Orang Biasa< berisi cinta Rendra pada dirinya sendiri. Dan terakhir objek cinta Tuhan berjudul >Tuhan, Aku Cinta Pada-mu< mengenai keinginan Rendra untuk kembali kepada-Nya dan meraih penyatuan antara hamba dan Tuhannya.
본고는 근자에 이슈가 되고 있는 >한국 민주주의의 위기<에 대한 철학적 반성으로서 다음 네 가지 점을 중심으로 살펴보고자 한다. 첫째 본고는 >한국 민주주의 위기<의 근원을 다름 아닌 <개혁의 실패 내지는 지체>에서 찾고자 한다. 둘째로, 민주주의 위기론과 관련하여 제기되고 있는 >민주세력 무능론<을 비판적으로 검토한다. 여기서는 민주 세력의 중요한 실책으로 >시민적 동의획득의 실패<를 지적하고 그 의미를 탐색해 보겠다. 세 번째로 보수화의 군중심리에 나타나고 있는 >박정희 신드롬<의 위험에 대해서 그리고 참여민주주의의 당위적 과제가 갖는 의미에 대해서 살펴보겠다. 결론에서는 한국 민주주의의 위기를 극복하기 위한 진보 세력 일반의 과제로서 >대안적 사회모델의 정립<, >국민적 동의획득의 노력<, >참여와 연대 문화의 확산<을 지적하고 이러한 상황이 철학에 부과하는 과제는 무엇인지 살펴보겠다.