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- 2002 (424) (remove)
This study is to suggest the aggression, human`s instinct as the new essence of sport. Through the psychological approach it could be found that the aggression which is human instinct is deeply related with the origin of sport. In relation to the instinct of death Freud has proved that there exists the aggression in human mentality and it could be said that the aggression of sport is related with Thanatos, the instinct of death that Freud said. Fromm, a sociopsychologist expanded the concept of Freud`s aggression and divided the aggression in human mentality as the defensive and positive aggression and destructive and malignant aggression and he saw that sport is related with the malignant aggression. I think we have to discard the attitude just to try to adapt the methodical value of sport although the value of sport exists with human instinct. Sport is the only thing to express and purify the aggression and it is expected to play the important role to create the future culture.
September 9/11 shocked the Japanese. It also reminded me of the 1995 sarin gas attack on the Tokyo subways by the Aum Shinrikyo and the Oklahoma City Bombing by the American extreme right. A novel form of terrorism seems to have aroused since 1995. Therefore I have tried to analyze some similarity and difference between the Aum Shinrikyo Sect and Usama bin Laden's al-Quaida for several months in order to clarify the content of a >new terrorism<. Although at first assumed that the two incidents were heterogeneous, the more I have analyzed them, the more I have founded out that were homogeneous. This paper tries to examine the similarity between the two groups and point out that their common motivation is a kind of self-actualization developed by A. H. Maslow. The survey includes anomie scale and authoritarian scale. This analysis reveals that economic factor and anomie factor influence over the self-actualization of current Japanese students who must overcome their anxiety aroused by the serious economic crisis as well as their identity crisis developed by Erick H. Erikson. It also points out that such a self-actualization and authoritarian personality developed by Erich Fromm influence over their inclination to religion. As a result it implies that such a perspective could explain also the behaviors of the Aum Shinrikyo Sect and Usama bin Laden' al-Qaida: The two terrorist groups that are mainly consisted of young males escape from freedom committing to religion, namely Aum Shinrikyo or >fundamentalist< Islam to remove anxiety aroused by the serious economic crisis.
Um Erich Fromms Beitrag zur Psychoanalytischen Pädagogik zu erheben, wird zu-nächst aufgezeigt, dass sich eine am Sein orientierte Erziehung nur von den Wir-kungen her definieren lässt, die ein konkretes pädagogisches oder didaktisches Tun zeitigt. Die aufgezeigten Wirkungen einer am Sein orientierten Erziehung stellen zugleich Leitwerte psychisch gelingenden Lebens und Zusammenlebens dar, wäh-rend eine Orientierung am Haben zu einer Entfremdung des Menschen von seinen Eigenkräften und vom anderen Menschen führt. Die die Entfremdung des Menschen fördernde Psychodynamik der Orientierung am Haben wird im Hauptteil zum einen am Beispiel autoritärer Strukturen verdeutlicht, zum anderen für Strukturen aufge-wiesen, die vom Marketing bestimmt sind. Hierbei werden noch einmal zwei ver-schiedene Arten der Marketing-Orientierung unterschieden: die produktorientierte und die Wirklichkeit inszenierende. Da gerade letztere immer dominanter wird, wer-den abschließend hierzu schulpädagogische Hinweise für eine Erziehung zur Orien-tierung am Sein gegeben.
Worin suchen wir unser Heil
(2002)
The only way in our opinion to account for this striving for justice and truth is by the analysis of the whole history of man, socially and individually. We find then that for everybody who is powerless, justice and truth are the most important weapons in the fight for his freedom and growth (Fromm, 1942/2002, p. 248).
Wege aus der Nekrophilie
(2002)
Walter Bonime: 1904-2001
(2002)
Vorwort
(2002)
Vom Sinn des Lebens
(2002)
In den letzten Jahren haben Gewaltdelikte von Jugendlichen, vielfach in Verbindung mit Alkoholismus und Drogenmissbrauch, drastisch zugenommen. Die Täter haben häufig keine erkennbare ideologische Motivation. Ihre aggressiven Delikte erfolgen scheinbar grundlos, wie >aus heiterem Himmel<. Manchmal wird ein negativer Einfluss der Medien dafür verantwortlich gemacht. Helmut Johach, Therapeut in einer Fachklinik für junge Suchtkranke, geht der Frage nach, wie junge Menschen dazu kommen, Gewalt anzuwenden. Seine Grundthese lautet: Wer in späterem Alter als Täter Gewalt anwendet, hat selbst oft in jüngeren Jahren Gewalt am eigenen Leibe erfahren. Die Familie als >psychologische Agentur der Gesellschaft< (E. Fromm) bietet nicht nur förderliche Wachstumsbedingungen für die junge Generation, sie erzeugt häufig auch ein Klima der Gewaltbereitschaft. Hier zeigt sich, dass Sucht und Gewalt nicht nur individuelle Ursachen haben: Infolge von Arbeitslosigkeit des Ernährers reicht das Familieneinkommen häufig nicht aus; die Mütter sind überfordert, die Väter trinken und misshandeln die Kinder. Auch sexuelle Übergriffe sind vielfach mit der Sucht verbunden. Betroffen davon sind nicht nur junge Mädchen und Frauen, sondern auch männliche Jugendliche. Die Aggression gegen Außenstehende in der Gleichaltrigen-Clique stellt für viele ein Ventil dar, mit dem sie eigene Gewalterfahrungen in der Familie abreagieren. Helmut Johach belegt diese – an sich längst bekannten – Zusammenhänge an drei Biographien junger männlicher Klienten. Er sieht sich in seinen Schlussfolgerungen in Übereinstimmung mit jüngsten Ergebnissen einer repräsentativen Untersuchung aus dem Kriminologischen Institut Niedersachsen. Im letzten Teil seines Beitrags befasst sich Johach mit der Fage, was aus pädagogisch-therapeutischer Sicht getan werden kann, damit junge Menschen der Spirale von Sucht und Gewalt entrinnen können. Aufklärung allein genügt nicht. Hinzukommen muss das Bestreben, die Lebensbedingungen junger Menschen so zu verändern, dass sie nicht mehr anfällig für Sucht und Gewalt sind. Vor allem das Frommsche Prinzip der Biophilie (d.h. Liebe zum Leben) ermöglicht, wenn es in sozialpädagogisches oder -therapeutisches Handeln umgesetzt wird, den jungen Menschen korrigierende Erfahrungen, die sie befähigen, künftig ein suchtmittelfreies Leben zu führen und auf Gewalt zu verzichten.
This article is the result of a study on Psychoanalysis and Racial Matters which has been conducted by a group of black Brazilian psychoanalysts affiliated to the Círculo Psicanalítico de Minas Gerais – CPMG, Brazil. Even though Brazil is a multiracial and miscegenetic country, the lowest levels of the social pyramid have always been occupied by its black citizens who represent almost half of the Brazilian population. Therefore, the idea that people have about blacks is that they are ugly, dirty and weak: the image of failure. In this article we have considered the effects that are caused by this imaginary psychic register which has been historically produced on the psyche of the black Brazilian. Although Psychoanalysis has had significant influence on mental health in Brazil, it has made little or no contribution to the understanding of this matter. To further our comprehension of this enigma, we pose the question: what does a psychoanalyst hear when a black person speaks?
This article examines utopian elements in Wilhelm Reich's writings in his American phase (1939-1957) in order to illustrate utopian sources of dynamic psychology. Although there are scholars who have used the term >psychological utopia< and applied it to individual thinkers (Reich, Marcuse, Fromm) and to specific psychological disciplines (psychoanalysis, behaviorism, cognitive psychology), the term itself has remained elusive and vague. Furthermore, there have been few attempts to systematically examine utopian elements in twentieth-century psychology in general and the basic assumptions of psychological utopianism in particular. While pointing out that Reich's orgonomic theories have no scientific merit, this article argues for the relevancy of his ideas for understanding the nature of utopianism in dynamic psychology. (© 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.)
Trauma Lives in Speech
(2002)
The author approaches the topic through infant observation. At the age of eight months the baby moves in the borderland between the physical and the symbolic. When the baby hurts herself, she needs the mother's arms to protect her: at the same time, her budding spoken symbol >mama< is comforting in itself, it carries the memory of the mother's arms. Can speech – tone of voice, rhythm, pauses – and the moments of loss, absence, the losing of self also be intertwined? The author discusses the question of how trauma starts to live in speech through two patients. She talks about >a silent language< which speaks in between the words and sentences – changes the rhythm of speech, makes lose words, tears a hole in speech. This >silent language< talks about trauma, reaches for its very essence – a bodily experience and meaning to the wholeness/ disruption of self.
To fully develop a science of social character, three aspects of Fromm's social character theory need to be clarified. The first has to do with the difference between individual and social character. Fromm expanded on Freud's description of normal types: erotic (receptive), obsessive (hoarding) and narcissistic (exploitative). Besides the concept of social character, Fromm made three major contributions to the psychoanalytic theory of character: the concept of productiveness, sociopolitical modes of relationship, and the marketing character. Social character is an interac-tion between internalized culture (values) and individual character. This interaction results in variations in social character and helps explain the Secon issue, how so-cial character changes. The concept of social selection explains how narcissistic en-trepreneurs restructure social institutions to shape a new social character. The third issue concerns how social character develops throughout the life cycle. Fromm never offered a developmental theory. Erik Erikson's model of development fit the social character of America at the mid-century. A revision of this model provides a useful construct for understanding changes in the kind of problems being brought to psychoanalysis at the start of the 21st century and also changes in psychoanalytic practice.
An etymology of a biophilia is Latin and is also mentioned with the instinct of the preservation of race as defined in Japanese-English dictionaries, in American dictionaries it is defined as an appreciation for life. And also bio is life and philia is love in Greek. The preface of >The Revolution of Hope< as described by Erich Fromm who is an American philosopher is a reference for biophilia. He described >The love of life< which exists in most of us is a latent power that is mobilized and whose behavior can change and can bring about change when life is threatened by danger and is fully recognized.
Three distinct, yet overlapping, phases of treatment emerge when working with some borderline and psychotic patients. This are patients who test the ordinary limits of psychoanalysis, but can profit from its deep exploration. The first phase is colored by acting out, interpersonally and intrapsychically. An analytic envelope of containment is necessary to sustain the treatment. Interpretive holding and containing help the patient find a psychic receptacle capable of detoxifying violent projections. Many of these patients terminate prematurely. The second phase is centered around the patient's defensive use of the death instinct to extinguish or destroy certain parts of their mental functioning. This difficult standoff between parts of the patient's mind becomes replicated in the transference. The third phase reveals the more fundamental problem of paranoid~schizoid anxieties of loss and primitive experiences of guilt. These include fears of persecution and annihilation. Some patients abort treatment in the first or second phase and never work through the phantasies and feelings of loss. Nevertheless, much intrapsychic and interpersonal progress is possible. Given the instability and chaotic nature of these patient's object relations, the analyst must be cautiously optimistic in their work and realize the potential to help the patient even when presented with less than optimal working conditions.
Our profession is being challenged theoretically and by practical realities. Many of its basic premises are being questioned and a hostile managed care bureaucracy has been curtailing treatment opportunities. These challenges force a latent issue into full view: Is psychoanalytic wisdom tied to its dogma and technical rituals or can much of its wisdom be integrated into a more inclusive interdisciplinary perspective? Psychoanalysis has a history of resisting change. It defined too early what was and what was not to be considered psychoanalysis. Dogmatization made idols out of theories and the rituals of techniques. Theories are valuable tools only and not scientific truth. While in-stitutes and official sanctions have lacked in open-mindedness, the unofficial practicing psychoanalyst has been far more creative in adapting psychoanaly-sis to the patient's needs and embracing the freedom to develop his or her idio-syncratic ways, wisdom, and skills. We need to increase our therapeutic reper-toire beyond those that carry the label of psychoanalysis. I present some con-siderations that derive from my experience as a psychoanalytically trained dy-namic psychotherapist.
Our profession is being challenged theoretically and by practical realities. Many of its basic premises are being questioned and a hostile managed care bureaucracy has been curtailing treatment opportunities. These challenges force a latent issue into full view: Is psychoanalytic wisdom tied to its dogma and technical rituals or can much of its wisdom be integrated into a more inclusive interdisciplinary perspective? Psychoanalysis has a history of resisting change. It defined too early what was and what was not to be considered psychoanalysis. Dogmatization made idols out of theories and the rituals of techniques. Theories are valuable tools only and not scientific truth. While institutes and official sanctions have lacked in open-mindedness, the unofficial practicing psychoanalyst has been far more creative in adapting psychoanalysis to the patient's needs and embracing the freedom to develop his or her idiosyncratic ways, wisdom, and skills. We need to increase our therapeutic repertoire beyond those that carry the label of psychoanalysis. I present some considerations that derive from my experience as a psychoanalytically trained dynamic psychotherapist.