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Erich Fromm was one of the first psychoanalytic thinkers who was genuinely interested in Asian philosophies. In the first part of this article, I will show Fromm’s imago of Buddhism as a radical, nontheistic, and ethical philosophy >without God.< I will argue that Fromm made an important difference between the phenomenal ego and being that proves crucial for his understanding of psychoanalysis and his critique of modern society. I will also explore Fromm’s synthesis of Buddhist philosophy and psychoanalysis, and show the similarities and differences between them.
In this article we will explore three important themes: (1) Fromm's anti-objectivistic perspective which stands for the idea that the other Being should not become an object in analysis; (2) the central idea of the relatedness and the relational dimension in the psychotherapeutic practice; (3) in the last part we will analyze the existential-ontological level which is manifested in analysis. We will focus our attention on the different ways in which Fromm as a psychoanalytic thinker, social critic and humanist can help the therapists to include the existential and social dimension in the psychotherapeutic work.
By applying Erich Fromm’s theory of alienation and psychological analysis, this thesis explores the idea of alienation and the cause of tragedy in Arthur Miller’s early plays, >All My Sons<, >Death of a Salesman<, and >A View from the Bridge<. The adoption of Erich Fromm’s theory of alienation is based on Miller’s concern with the phenomenon of alienation in American society. On the one hand, the thesis discusses how the symbiotic relationship between man and society is undermined by historical movement and as a consequence how it affects man’s idea of morality and sense of identity by reviewing the particular American history during the time of the Depression and the wars (particularly the Second World War and the Cold War). On the other hand, the thesis discusses how personal fantasy contributes to one’s destiny by making uncompromised commitment to private beliefs as a counterpart of reality.– First of all, the thesis reviews the historical events that shape American experiences of alienation. Economically, the Depression not only exemplifies that everyone is closely related with the society and other human beings, but also implies the illusion embedded in the American Dream. Economic development does not guarantee human beings freedom but conditions men in an alienated position because of its advocacy of liberalism and individualism. The perversion of work ethic, particularly, defines man and directs them to seek self-interest. Politically, the Second World War and the Cold War make man retreat into a world of containment, separating self from the other. Accordingly, in Arthur Miller’s dramatic world, characters attach more importance to family business and family welfare. Then the thesis discusses how human psyche is equal in importance in sealing one’s fate. Although the environment provides the physical basis for practice and action, personal fantasy has a life of its own and therefore becomes a scene for dramatic actions. The point is that neither social codes nor personal ideals ensure a secure sense of identity. In contrast, one-sided indulgence in psychological world alienates man further from society and others. Social sense of identity and personal sense of identity becomes oppositional. Finally, the thesis holds that Miller conveys a message of hope of reconciliation, i. e., man represented by secondary roles in the three plays have the strength and freedom to change the status quo.– This thesis differs from previous studies in the following aspects. First of all, this thesis does not limit the scope of alienation to economic and political field but extends to human psyche, revealing that both the private and the public contribute to Arthur Miller’s tragedy. Secondly, this thesis explores the symbiotic relationships between man and society, pointing out that socially individual experience is the shaping force of human history. In Arthur Miller’s plays, the major characters have certain fantasy with its own life that finally forms the circumference around which dramatic conflicts become possible. The transformational relationship between scene and agent vindicates the combining force of society and psychology to realize Miller’s tragedies. The thesis concludes that Miller indicates one possible way out from the present dilemma of alienation, a characteristic of Arthur Miller’s early period of writing, because the author shows strong faith in humanity by presenting the sympathetic, integral and forgiving secondary characters. [Translation: www.cnki.net, 4/2023]
远藤周作(1923—1996)是日本当代著名的基督教作家。他的作品以艺术形式探讨神与人、信仰与人生、死与生等宗教主题,其长篇小说中的人物形象亦呈现出立体而复杂矛盾的性格特点。本文选取远藤周作的三部长篇小说《丑闻》《恶灵》及代表作《深河》为中心文本,试图以心理学的角度去阐释小说中人物的>双重人格<,揭示个体心理潜伏的阴暗欲望的表现和危害,进而探讨人物的救赎问题。论文首先分析作品中具有双重人格的四个人物形象:《丑闻》《深河》中共同具有>天使<与>恶魔<复杂人格的两位女性>万里子<和<美津子<;《丑闻》中所谓的>圣徒作家<胜吕本质上是一个经常出入色情场所的下流之徒;《恶灵》中利用>天使<面孔去引诱他人作恶、犯罪的>恶灵<南条英子。其次运用现代心理学理论探讨>双重人格<形成的原因。个体为了更好地在社会上生存,往往隐藏和压抑内心中阴暗、丑陋的欲望,即荣格所说的>阴影面<,向社会展现出美好的一面,这便形成了>双重人格<。三部小说中双重人格人物的>阴影面<与弗洛姆提出的>衰败综合症<中的>恋死<相关,因此结合文本加以分析。此外,在文学层面上,以莫里亚克作品中对罪与恶的理解,陀思妥耶夫斯基小说中复杂的人性来阐述其对远藤作品的影响。最后通过人物的命运走向探寻救赎之路。小说中的人物在>光<与>河<中认识了自我,灵魂得到净化,重新找寻到了人生的价值和意义。其中,>光<与>河<象征着给人拯救的>爱<。但是,仅凭被动地接受>爱<是不够的,个体还需要有>直面自我的勇气<,才能获得真正的救赎。远藤周作敏锐地看到了现代人为能够更好地在社会中生存,不得不压抑内心真实的欲望,以此符合社会的标准和期待,造成精神枯竭、破裂的问题。通过双重人格艺术形象的塑造,远藤试图告诉我们:个体要勇于发现内心隐藏的欲望,认识真实的自我,才能实现精神的统一和完整,从而达到荣格所说的>重返精神家园<。
The authors note a contradiction between empirical findings and the dismissive conclusion of the German Federal Ministry for Family Affairs, Senior Citizens, Women and Youth (FMFASWY) that the treatment of children in early day care will not affect their relationship to their mother or entail any serious damage for their future. They use this contradiction as an opportunity to discuss the social function of early childhood socialization in day care. They come to the impression that the FMFASWY, in its assessment of research on day-care centers, was also intuitively guided by sociopolitical interests insofar as the emergence of a social character satisfying current social requirements is favored more by primary socialization in day care than in families.
卢卡奇开辟的西方马克思主义道路为后来的马克思主义者提供智性动力,葛兰西、阿尔杜塞、普兰查斯、拉克劳和墨菲等将隐喻式的>基础—建筑<诠释为符号学意义上的语言生产模式。而法兰克福学派的赖希、马尔库塞和弗洛姆则将马克思主义和弗洛伊德主义结合起来,展开马克思主义语言哲学的欲望政治研究。想象一种语言就是想象一种生命,语言与生命须臾不可分离,后马克思主义者如阿甘本、哈特和奈格里等则将语言生产模式和欲望生产模式推进到生物生产模式,即考察后现代语境下人类社会的生命权力,甚至人体内部的生物权力。无论是语言生产还是欲望政治都是生命权力的外在表现形式,对身体从外到内或从身体到生命,即从生命权力到生物权力的范式转换,才是马克思主义语言哲学的终极关怀。
In today’s society, sharing bicycle has rapidly penetrated into people’s social life and become a new way of travel because it solves the problem of >the last kilometer< for people to travel. With the share bicycle industry entering the second half of the competition, the industrial focus has returned from capital invest¬ment to product design. How to form a more user-friendly sharing bicycle interaction system and enhance user experience has become an important issue affecting the development of the share bicycle industry. At present, the research on shared bicycle human-computer interaction system is still in its infancy, mainly through regular user interviews and questionnaires. However, in traditional research, users can only describe their problems in the process of interaction sensitively, and may not be able to realize and express their deep needs. Therefore, it is very important to tap the deep needs of users in the interaction process and improve the user experience purposefully.– There are three main innovations in this paper: 1. Using innovative theoretical research methods, intro¬du¬cing psychological theory into design analysis, and based on Fromm psychology, we can get the charac¬teristic emotions of shared psychology. 2. Introducing emotional reporting method into experience evalu¬ation, and carrying out emotional quantification experiments based on the characteristic emotions of Fromm psychology. The experimental data analysis can accurately extract users’ deep interaction needs under the shared psychology. 3. Based on the deep interaction needs, the optimization design practice is finally com¬pleted. In the research process, based on the current research status of shared bicycle in academia, this study uses user interviews and other research methods to conduct in depth analysis and summary of the current shared bicycle interaction system; extracts characteristic emotions based on Fromm’s psychological theory, builds a reasonable emotional quantification experimental scheme and carries out experiments, processes and analyses the experimental data, and concludes that users are in common. In order to meet the deep demand of sharing bicycle interactive experience, the optimization design practice of new sharing bicycle interactive system is completed. The main achievements of this research include: under the gui¬dance of Fromm’s psychology theory, a method of extracting the require¬ments of shared bicycle human-computer interaction system design based on emotional quantification is proposed, and a new human-computer interaction experience model is established; a new process of deep demand mining for human-computer interaction system under shared psychology is formed; and the existing shared bicycle human-computer interaction interface is optimized. [Translation: www.cnki.net, 4/2023]
2018年教育部联合国务院扶贫办印发了《深度贫困地区教育脱贫攻坚实施方案(2018-2020年)》(以下简称>方案<),方案进一步聚焦深度贫困地区的教育扶贫,力图用三年时间确保深度贫困地区如期完成>发展教育脱贫一批<任务。其中明确提出要加强乡村教师队伍建设,特别强调了>三区三州<乡村教师生活补助政策的落实,达到稳定和吸引优秀人才长期在乡村学校任教目的。尽管国家大力保障贫困地区乡村教师生存,但深度贫困地区的乡村教师在物质需要、精神需要及职业需要等生存境遇方面仍存在亟需解决的问题。本研究基于深度贫困地区乡村教师生存境遇的问题,选取了云南省怒江傈僳族自治州(以下简称>怒江州<)的贫困且是多民族聚居的F县为调研点。乡村教师对乡村教育的发展起着重要作用,云南省怒江州乡村教师生存境遇直接关系该州乡村教育的稳步发展。本文对怒江州F县乡村教师进行观察与深度访谈,借鉴弗洛姆对人的生存境遇的理论探讨,根据弗洛姆对人的生存需要分类,从调研实际出发,归纳概括为物质需要、精神需要、职业需要三方面以分析乡村教师生存需要。具体内容包括工资福利、住房交通、婚姻与工作、身体健康、工作压力、职业成就感、社会地位等七维度。在访谈与观察中发现,乡村教师在生存需要上依然存在问题亟待解决,且生存矛盾逐渐凸显。首先,深度贫困地区乡村教师的物质条件还比较差;其次,深度贫困地区乡村教师精神需要尚未满足;第三,深度贫困地区乡村教师职业选择自由缺失。此外,生存需要不满足导致了深度贫困地区乡村教师的生存矛盾问题凸显:工资待遇与当地公务员存在较大差距、福利津贴仍待进一步改善、身心健康尚未得到足够关注;在工作、社会地位、自我提升方面,当地的教师编制仍沿用旧时编制造成乡村教师工作负担重,且职称评聘尚未充分提升教师积极性,乡村教师社会地位较低等现象。以及工作时间长、工作负担重,教学压力大等问题依旧存在。另外,部分乡村教师存在职业成就感较低、自我意识比较弱、自我认同感不足等问题。弗洛姆认为要满足人的生存需要及解决人的生存困境,需要从人在生物学上的弱点、人>历史的二歧<和人>生存的二歧<三方面分析,回归到社会、经济、文化三者对人生存境遇的影响进行阐释。因此,本研究通过对怒江州地理环境的观察,傈僳族作为主体民族的民族历史文化追溯,怒江州乡村教师自我意识的探究,分析影响深度贫困地区乡村教师生存境遇的因素:第一,作为深度贫困地区的怒江州,其恶劣的自然地理环境、缓慢发展的经济环境影响乡村教师物质需要包括生存条件、工资福利等的满足;第二,多民族聚居地的民族文化环境影响乡村教师精神需要的获得;第三,长期处于封闭环境导致怒江州乡村教师自我意识弱,自我更新、自我提升等认识不够。以上诸多原因共同影响了乡村教师的生存境遇。基于以上对怒江州乡村教师生存境遇存在问题与影响因素的分析,本文提出改善深度贫困地区乡村教师生存境遇的措施:首先,加强政策倾斜。从政策、制度层面提供保障,保障乡村教师应有权益。其次,促进深度贫困地区文化建设。建设乡村文化、吸纳民族优秀传统文化,丰富乡村教师的工作与生活。第三,给予经济支持。努力缩小乡村教师与当地公务员的工资差距,并适当增加乡村教师福利。此外,给予深度贫困地区乡村教师爱的关注,积极促进乡村教师建立与他人、与外部环境联系,以提升乡村教师自我意识。最后,深度贫困地区的乡村学校在管理中应加强对教师的人文关怀。
伊恩•麦克尤恩是英国当代最著名的作家之一。他的作品以揭露社会现实和人类的伦理困境 而 著 称 并 受 到 高 度 重 视。其于2010年发表的《追日》以全球变暖为背景, 吸引了来自世界各地读者的关注。麦克尤恩在这部作品中将全球关注的气候变化问题与人们的道德困境相结合, 反映了当代社会存在的生态和人文危机。以往对《追日》的研究主要集中在生态主义和伦理学方面。相比之下, 人们对这部小说异化主题的研究 则显得不够充分。本文以弗洛姆和马尔库塞的相关异化理论为基础来阐述小说中的异化主题。文章主要 从三个方 面 来 分析小说中 的异化主题:人的自我异化, 人与人关系的异化和人与自然关系的异化。本论文由三部分组成。第一章主要概括并介绍了作者伊恩麦克尤恩及其作品、《追日》的文献综述、异化理论及中心论点、研究方法和研究意义。正文分为四章包括第二章、第三章、第四章和第五章。第二章分析了人的自我异化主要表现为情感麻木和信仰的缺失。第三章阐释小说中人 与 人关系的异化主要 体现在两个方面:不和谐的家庭关系和扭曲的工作关系。第四章通过人对科技的过度依赖和对自然环境的破坏 两 方 面阐述了人与自然关系的异化。第五章总结了当代人的过度贪婪, 父权制社会的根深蒂固和人类中心主义的盛行是导致《追日》中异化问题的主要原因。第六章为结论。本论文最后得出结论, 异化这一主题贯穿于整部小说。当今社会, 人们不断增加的贪欲使其成为一个失去情感和信仰的物质化存在。异化了的人际关系和人与自然的关系也反映了父权主义和人类中心主义的根深蒂固。本文同时也表达了对人们生活现状的关注并呼吁人类对自己的行为进行深刻的反思。
Short story is a type of popular literature in Indonesia. In short stories, love is one of the most well-known topics for the Indonesian audience. Amongst various types of love, a mother’s love is talked about the most. Thus, I decide to analyze how mothers express their love for their children in a compilation book titled >Rectoverso<. Also, I discover the consequences that the mothers experience due to their choices regarding love. By using the theory of love and the concept of motherly love from the book >The Art of Loving< by Erich Fromm, I find that the mothers have to face several choices that can give impacts toward their children and themselves. Every decision they make is caused by their love toward their children. Furthermore, the mothers prioritize their children instead of themselves. The impacts they experience may be positive or negative, depending on the situation.
Concepts from Self-Determination theory are related to Fromm’s conceptualizations of existential human needs and human strengths. Empirical findings seem to support Fromm (1955a) in stating that socio-economic environments which embody particular values will influence psychological well-being, health and social relations of consumers. Further, empirical studies on effects of working in democratic enterprises and experiencing a sociomoral work climate upon employees’ attitudes and behaviors will be presented. All in all, the findings support Fromm’s vision of a humanization and democratization of work.
Our meta-analytic review investigates how employee participation in democratic enterprises is related to psychological outcomes. We gathered 60 studies through a systematic literature search of quantitative field studies (published between January 1970 and May 2017) and extracted 138 effect sizes related to three indicators of organisational democracy (OD) and 15 psychological outcomes. The overall findings suggest that employees’ individually perceived participation in organisational decision making (IPD) had a stronger relation to job satisfaction (ρ = .25), job involvement/work motivation (ρ = .36), prosocial work behaviours (ρ = .24), civic and democratic behaviours (ρ = .21) and perceived supportive climate (ρ = .44) than the other two OD indicators: structurally anchored employee participation (SAEP) and employee participation in collective ownership (EO). This was not the case for valuebased commitment: the relations of SAEP (ρ = .40), EO (ρ = .34), and IPD (ρ = .46) with commitment were nearly equal. Mediation analyses indicated that IPD partially mediated most of the effects of SAEP and EO on the outcomes mentioned. The cross-sectional database and a small number of studies for some of the outcomes are the main limitations of this study.
当今社会,技术发展迅猛。以微信、微博、TWITTER等为代表的微通讯技术,在为人类带来丰富的信息与便捷的生活的同时,也在逐渐脱离人的掌控,背离技术最初的目的,变成人类发展相对立的异己力量。一方面,社会的发展需要技术的进步,因而绝不能一味地反对微通讯技术的发展,忽视其积极作用。另一方面,也要清醒地认识到其负面作用,正确地认识微通讯技术异化,把握微通讯技术的本质,通过思想上重视人的本质,技术活动中实际强调人的本质的实现,以求达到人、微通讯技术与自然的和谐发展。对微通讯技术异化人道化治理的探索不仅对促进微通讯技术的更好发展有着重要意义,对我们今天面临的普遍的科技异化现象的缓解和解决有着深刻的参考价值,同时也为我国未来的科学技术发展和现代化建设提供参照。首先对文中的重要概念进行界定,阐述本文的理论依据,包括马克思人的本质理论、马尔库塞异化理论与弗洛姆的技术人道化理论,表明技术人道化是逐渐消解技术异化的作用,关注人的本质与创造力的实现,使技术社会回到人类的控制之下。以移动互联技术时代的代表微通讯技术为对象进行研究,其发展现状是拥有庞大的用户群体、提供丰富的功能、影响力深入人们生活的方方面面,成为人的生存方式。从二重论述微通讯技术对人的影响。微通讯技术的正面效应包括使人可在虚拟空间中进行人际交往、可即时获取海量信息、更易进行个性化的展现与表达、对公共事务的参与感与干预力加强。微通讯技术的负面效应包括造成人的严重的碎片化现象、不同程度的微通讯依赖,给人带来隐私危机和安全威胁、虚假不良信息泛滥等。当微通讯技术违背了人的目的,脱离了人的控制,并导致人的价值与自由的失去时,微通讯技术对人产生了异化。分析微通讯技术异化的表现,主要包括思维异化、社交异化、审美异化、消费异化、休闲异化。探究微通讯技术异化的原因,提出微通讯技术异化具有技术性的原因、主体性的原因和社会性的原因。对微通讯技术异化的治理应该从单一的社会治理向人道化治理发展,首先从思想上治理,以人为先,强调技术活动中要时刻体现人的本质以及技术为人的目的。提出微通讯技术异化人道化治理这一主张并阐述其基本思想,以人性引导和规约技术发展,关注人的生命质量,维护人的自由本质。探索微通讯技术异化人道化治理的主要途径,从技术性、主体性、社会性三方面提出具体的措施,以求实现技术的人性化、人文化、人道化发展。将人道化治理思想用于广泛的技术领域,可以推动技术真正成为人的技术,促进人的自由而全面的发展。
爱丽丝•门罗是加拿大女性作家,2013年诺贝尔文学奖得主。她终身致力于短篇小说创作,享有>我们的契科夫<的盛誉,是当代短篇小说大师。门罗最新的一部短篇小说集《亲爱的生活》于2012年出版,由十四篇故事组成,揭示了门罗关于成长,婚姻,爱情,疾病和死亡的永恒主题;这部小说一经发表就引起了广大评论界的关注;同时,它也是门罗力荐给读者的最后也是最好的一部作品。国内外许多学者以及文学评论家从多个不同角度评析爱丽丝•门罗的小说《亲爱的生活》。然而,大多数研究关注主题、文化、叙事艺术,女性主义、存在主义,比较文学及心理学等方面。门罗对女性生活日常的心理刻画细致入微,她笔下的女性人物在追寻着自由的同时又在逃避着自由;生活于她们而言是一场自由进行曲,这使得她们挣扎于个体自我、家庭和社会期望之间的矛盾需求。而弗洛姆的自由说中所蕴含的一些独特阐释又恰恰为这一研究提供了理论支持。本文借埃里希•弗洛姆的自由论试析《亲爱的生活》中五个故事里的女性。全文分为三个部分,引言、正文和结论;其中,正文本分由四个章节组成。引言介绍了爱丽丝•门罗和小说《亲爱的生活》,埃里希•弗洛姆的自由论,以及国内外对门罗的《亲爱的生活》的研究和评论,进而点明本文的研究意义:以弗洛姆的自由观中所涉及的>纽带<、>逃避<、>自发<为理论出发点,分析门罗的小说,揭示女性生活的实质。第一章是本文的理论基础。详细阐述了弗洛姆自由论的三个重要概念,>纽带<>逃避<与>自发<。在现代社会,个体为获得自由摆脱了曾赋予其生命以意义和安全的所有>纽带<,却又陷入了无能为力及孤立的状态。为了摆脱这种不安全的状态,个体开始竭力>逃避<自由,却被束缚在新纽带关系之中。但以牺牲个体自我为代价的新纽带并不能恢复他失掉的安全感。因此,这种>逃避<又给人套上了新的枷锁。而>自发<以不压抑自我、不割裂理性与本性为前提,能够帮助个体获得真实自我并依照其自由意志进行活动,使其重新找回安全感,实现真正意义上的自由。第二章从>纽带<的双重含义来具体分析女性在生活中所面临的困境。女性在不同的人生阶段扮演着多重角色,相应的也承受着多重的困境;而>纽带<,作为女性与家庭和社会联系的节点,在给予女性安全感的同时,也限制了她们对自由和自我实现的追寻;因此,女性徘徊于自我需求,家庭责任和社会期待的矛盾边缘,而她们的追寻也被现实生活中的日常琐碎日渐湮没,并逐渐在家庭与社会生活中变得无力与孤独。因此,>纽带<又成为了她们追求自由与自我实现的一种束缚与枷锁。第三章以>逃避<的深层次概念来关注女性在生活中的心理历程。自由所带来的孤独与无力感迫使女性个体在逃离束缚后开始寻求新的>纽带<关系。以感性占据统治地位的女性以爱之名屈从于外在男性权威,致使她们在生活中为了寻求丢失的安全感而牺牲掉一部分的自我。而内在权威又假借责任和良心之名无形地制约着女性,迫使她们在生活中放弃自我需求,回归理性。无论是感性占据抑或是理性占据,都是一种割裂自我,压抑自我的>逃避<,因此,新的>纽带<是暂时的,脆弱的。第四章从>自发<的概念进一步阐释了女性在生活中屡屡失败的根本原因及出路。女性>逃避<到新的>纽带<关系中注定是失败的,生活中的意外与悲剧便是最好的见证;女性对权威的依附其实是对安全感和权利的依附,而这种以牺牲部分或全部自我为代价的>逃避<是不牢固的,一旦时机成熟便会再次唤醒女性对内在自我的追寻;因此,自发性的缺失是导致失败的根本原因;唯有在实现自我的完整性的基础上,女性才能在寻求自由与幸福的同时与他人建立起平等独立的关系。基于以上的讨论和分析,结论部分指出门罗所塑造的女性人物在不同的人生阶段面临着不同的生存困境,表面上看似幸福的生活背后隐藏的是无尽的孤独与无力感。面对社会与家庭的双重压力,女性游走于社会或家庭需求与自我需求的矛盾边缘,不论是被动的屈服或主动地尝试,在现实生活中,她们仍然会与意外与悲剧不期而遇。尽管,这种生存困境对于女性而言是一种普遍存在的现象,但她们对自由和幸福的追寻是永无止境的。而且,她们终将通过自发性的活动找到生活的意义。
伊丽莎白•斯特劳特是当代美国文坛著名的一位女作家,她的一生创作了多部小说。2008年,斯特劳特发表了《奥莉芙•基特里奇》,该小说入围了2008年美国国家书评人协会奖,后来成为《纽约时报》的畅销书,也使得她一举拿下2009年的普利策奖和意大利Premio Bancarella奖。之后,这本小说被HBO改编成了电视剧,获得了第67届艾美奖13项提名。《奥莉芙•基特里奇》无疑是一本十分成功的小说。但国内外对该小说的研究并不多,且大多数研究都侧重于女性主义,荒诞主义,心理分析等视角。斯特劳特精于描写平凡小镇的平凡人物,但在平凡人物关系中,却或多或少的存在着冷漠、疏离与孤独。因此,本论文运用弗洛姆的异化思想,从四个方面解读《奥莉芙•基特里奇》中的异化现象。本论文分为三个部分,分别是:引言、主体、结语三个部分。引言部分概述了伊丽莎白•斯特劳特的生平和她的所有作品,综述了《奥莉芙•基特里奇》在国内外的研究。其次,本论文研究了《奥莉芙•基特里奇》中异化现象的原因,同时介绍了弗洛姆的生平以及异化思想。主体分为四章。第一章解读了小说中情感的异化,这种异化主要表现在两个方面。异化的情感首先表现为偶像崇拜式的爱,在恋爱关系中,一方把另一方当作>偶像<一样崇拜,以至于在爱的人身上丢失了自己;其次表现为夫妻各自的婚外情,这种婚外情主要是由于婚后沟通能力的丧失,夫妻间对婚内生活的不满以及受到性欲望的诱惑造成的。第二章侧重分析了父母与孩子关系的异化,这在小说中表现在三个方面。首先体现在上一代父母亲的自杀给孩子的内心造成了严重创伤,导致孩子长大后精神失常或者性格有缺陷而想要自杀。其次,这种异化还表现在父母对孩子的异化权威。父母过度控制地孩子的生活,导致孩子人格的不完整以及心理疾病的出现。最后,父母与孩子关系的异化还导致了孩子的父母亲情结。孩子在的成长过程中,难以摆脱父母形象,既想要赶紧脱离父母的力量,又想找一个和父母形象、性格等相似的人相伴终身。此外,父亲情结还会导致孩子的过度自我压抑和顺从;具有母亲情结的人则会过分依附于他者,无法获得健全生活。第三章介绍了小镇人的异化,这种异化主要是由机械式生活,与他者疏远以及自我身份的不确定导致的。单调的生活使得小镇人变得麻木,冷漠,如同机器一般。小镇人对他者漠不关心,有的甚至疏远他人,过起了与世隔绝的生活,俨然变成了隐士。第四章主要指出了通往健全生活的方式。健全的生活需要创造性的爱,爱是个体存在的最基本需求,也是通往健全生活的必要条件。另外,人需要定位坐标来界定自我身份。满足个体定位坐标需要客观地看待世界;同时也需要感性地与世界相连。此外,人需要与他者关联,摆脱内心的孤独与压抑。结语部分概括了《奥莉芙•基特里奇》中的异化表现,指出了小说文本与异化理论结合的意义。通过对小说中异化的研究,读者能从全新的视角理解本小说。此外,小说中的异化也是现实世界异化的缩影,折射出人与人之间普遍存在的异化现象,而对通往健全之路的分析则有利于改善人与人之间的异化。
Universality is being deconstructed within contemporary social struggles. Focusing on struggles around the discourse on refugees and the nation, and so-called >welcome culture< in the German context in particular, questions arise regarding the emancipatory potential of emerging narratives of a contested common ground (Hark et al. 2015). This article proposes Erich Fromm's understanding of >radical humanism< (1968a) and its line of argumentation towards >global solidarity< (Wilde 2013) instead of national >group narcissism< (Fromm 1964a) as a normative base to evaluate the emancipatory value of emerging narratives.
In >Sleeping memories< (2017), French writer Patrick Modiano confronts the past and his memories in a different way compared with his previous novels, as he keeps trying to revisit and reprocess them. In this book he adds a new method, the dreaming revision of memories, especially traumatic ones, turning to the work of Marquis d’Hervey de Saint-Denys, >Les rêves et les moyens de les diriger: Observations pratiques.< I would suggest that in this way he dreams undreamt traumas, thereby transforming them. In doing so, Modiano meets Thomas Ogden’s art of psychoanalysis.
Erinnerungen an Ágnes Heller
(2019)
This paper shows that Fromm's discussion is curiously connected to the tradition of American individualism. In Escape from Freedom, Fromm suggests that authoritarianism derives from aloneness as a result of modern individualism and entrusts his hope in democracy for spontaneous activity and solidarity. But why is spontaneous activity and solidarity hopeful in democracy? The interesting thing is, this conclusion is close to the discussion of Alexis de Tocqueville, who also regarded spontaneous relationships as an important foundation of democracy. Based on Tocqueville's insight, there is a tradition in sociology that argues for the relationship between democracy and individualism, such as David Riesman's The Lonely Crowd and Robert Bellah's Habits of the Heart. This paper attempts to show how Fromm was influenced by the tradition of American individualism and discusses Fromm's impact on later American individualism studies.
Religion as a form of human belief in something supernatural or supernatural turns out to be as if accompanying humans in the broad scope of life. Religion has values for human life as people per person and in relation to social life. Besides that religion also has an impact on everyday life. The influence of religion in an individual's life is to give inner stability, feeling of happiness, feeling of protection, a sense of success and satisfaction. This positive feeling will further be a motivator to do religion in the life of an individual besides being a motivation and ethical value is also hope.
自古以来,自由一直是人们追求的目标和探索的话题,人对自由的追求和向往是推动社会发展和进步的动力。弗洛姆从现实出发,在批判地继承前人思想的基础上,通过对现代人追求自由又逃避自由的生存境遇的论述,揭示了逃避自由的心理机制并试图找到解决人类两难境遇的办法。弗洛姆自由思想既离不开他的独特经历,也与时代背景有关。前者主要指压抑困惑的童年,后者包括两次世界大战及美苏争霸、资本主义经济危机与复苏、纳粹主义和法西斯主义的影响等。从理论渊源来说,弗洛伊德的精神分析理论、马克思主义异化理论及人的自由全面发展理论、犹太文化的传统等都对弗洛姆自由观的产生有较大影响。弗洛姆的自由观从历史和心理两方面分析了处于实践活动中的个人,从追求自由走向逃避自由的过程。从历史角度看,自由与人类社会并存并不断发展。从心理角度看,随着政治和经济的发展,现代人在心理上日趋孤独和无助,在追求自由的同时陷入到逃避自由的困境中,并出现了施虐倾向与受虐倾向、破坏欲和机械趋同三种逃避自由的心理机制。要想从根本上解决人逃避自由的窘境,把人们从异化中解放出来,需要通过爱和创造性的劳动抛弃消极自由并达到积极自由的存在状态,通过实行社会主义公有制、建立全民参与的民主制度和人道主义文化价值观,对经济、政治和文化教育进行改革,建立健全的社会最终达到人的自由而全面的发展。弗洛姆的自由观在一定程度上拓宽了自由的视域,加深了对自由的理解,但夸大了人的心理作用,具有一定的唯心主义倾向。因为忽视了社会生产关系的影响,注定了其改革方案的不彻底。即便如此,弗洛姆的自由观提供了分析和解决社会问题的新视角,对于构建社会主义核心价值观与和谐社会具有重要的启示意义。
中国传统民间技艺产品是民族文化重要的组成内容,传统民间技艺产品的多样性体现了中华民族深厚的文化内涵和底蕴。当下,社会的发展逐渐从工业时代向后工业时代转变,可持续发展理念已经深入人心,并在全球范围内得到了广泛的认同,现代文明由物质文明转向非物质文明。在这样的时代背景下,优秀的传统民间技艺产品在漫长的传承过程中,不仅包含了劳动人民的智慧结晶,而且也为不同地区经济的发展注入了新的发展资本。佛洛姆(Erich Fromm)认为,人们应当抵制重占有的价值观念,发展重可持续生存的价值观念,方能丰富自己的精神家园。其观点与中国传统民间技艺产品造物理念有着异曲同工之处,传统民间技艺产品崇尚自然、天人合一、朴素节俭、重视感情等观念,这些观念有助于人与自然的和谐共生,同时体现了物为我用、以人为中心的传统哲学思想。我们需要从可持续发展的视角出发,对原有的传统民间技艺产品进行再设计,通过将其与现代工艺相结合、材料转换设计、价值内核的营销、品牌建设等方法,重新融入人们的日常生活中,是实现传统民间技艺可持续发展和生态环境可持续发展的有效途径。本文重点探讨了传统民间技艺产品创新设计的方法,以及对其进行可持续发展的有效途径,建设性地分析了现代社会中可持续设计与传统民间技艺产品造物理念的启承关系,对现代消费者由物质主义到后物质主义回归理性的消费方式有着积极的启迪作用。在人与物的关系上,使人在设计中处于主导地位。提出通过对传统民间技艺产品创新设计的体验性以及趣味性、情感性、自然性、科技性原则达到人性的关怀。同时,通过尊重地域性原则、与自然的和谐共处,实现对传统民间技艺的活态传承。在现代消费市场的背景下,通过互联网新媒体的宣传、博物馆活态展示和互动体验、发展文创产业等方法,建立可持续传统民间技艺产品消费行为习惯,提升文化自信,更有益于社会、经济、自然的可持续发展。最后通过介绍杭州>品物流形<(产品设计公司)与传统民间技艺产品创新设计再造实践方案,进一步完善理论与实践体系。从而形成一套完整的可持续视角下的传统民间技艺产品创新设计策略。
Plemstvo duha u filozofiji Ericha Fromma [The Nobility of Spirit in the Philosophy of Erich Fromm]
(2019)
U intelektualnome diskursu 20. stoljeća umnost kao univerzalnu kategoriju umnogome je zamijenila njezina instrumentalna inačica. U spomenutome stoljeću prevladava distopijska misao koja u život suvremenoga čovjeka unosi nihilizam i apsurd. Univerzalne životne vrijednosti kao vezivno tkivo civilizacije, ideal koji je bio trajno prisutan u povijesti ljudskoga roda, u suvremenome dobu više nisu na istaknutome mjestu. Unatoč tim nepovoljnim okolnostima svojim stvaralaštvom pojedini filozofi odgovorit će na moderne izazove i pokazati postojanje vrijednosti bez kojih civilizacija ne može opstati. Značajnik koji je afirmativno promišljao o životu i tragao za alternativom postojećemu stanju bio je i Erich Fromm. U radu se njegov esencijalizam povezuje s naširoko poznatim i primjenjivanim pojmom >plemstvo duha<. Također se opisuje Frommova kritika kapitalizma i socijalizma kao neodgovarajućih društvenih sustava. Modernoj stvarnosti koja se drži svijetom bez alternative u radu se suprotstavlja Frommova vizija ideala ljudske prirode, odnosno tip karaktera kojemu će biti cilj rast i razvoj svih čovjekovih mogućnosti. Među najvrjednije ljudske mogućnosti ubrajaju se produktivno mišljenje i produktivna ljubav. Najviši oblik produktivnosti pripisuje se revolucionarnomu karakteru, odnosno životnoj orijentaciji koja se identificira s čovječanstvom, rabi univerzalna mjerila te gaji sklonost i ljubav za život. Na kraju se zaključuje kako se bez duhovne plemenitosti ne može održati ni vizija zreloga života.
Biophilic design, based on humans’ innate connection to nature, evolved into a social movement over many decades. It emerged from Erich Fromm’s early use of the term biophilia to Edward Wilson’s book on Biophilia, the subsequent Biophilia Hypothesis book by Wilson and Stephen Kellert, to the multi-authored Biophilic Design publication in 2008. This progression involved meetings and discussions between people with a shared understanding of the human biological connection to nature and the need to bring nature back into urbanites daily lives. Their vision and passion led to the emergence of the social movement of biophilic design. The moral vision of bringing nature into city design reflects a shared understanding and collective goal beyond self-interest. There was a communal sense of the associated issues with cities which lack nature, such as disconnection from nature, urban heat island effect and water and air pollution, kindling a desire to initiate change.
Homo sapiens demens
(2019)
多丽丝•莱辛是文学史上第十一位获得诺贝尔文学奖的女作家,被誉为继伍尔芙之后最伟大的女性作家。《又来了,爱情》是莱辛的一部晚年力作。小说分别讲述了殖民地时期黑人奴隶的私生子朱莉与贵族子弟以及年迈的现代白种女人萨拉与年轻男子的爱情故事。两位女性博学多才,坚强独立,却因为种族歧视、道德偏见和等级观念等社会问题而被剥夺了爱的权利。莱辛借此抨击了当时社会存在的不公平现象,呼吁以爱为纽带缔结人与人之间真正的平等。弗洛姆的人性异化理论包括权威主义、数量化和抽象化的价值观、以及爱的能动性的缺乏三个方面。匿名权威伪装成普遍常识和公众舆论,使个人服从社会舆论和道德良知,消除了人的创造性,剥夺了人的自由,危害了人的全面发展。资本主义经济色迅速发展,其重要特点就是数量化和抽象化。人们生活的中心就是对金钱、权力、荣誉的无止境的追求,从而丧失了人的意义。现代社会人际关系冷漠无情,相互排挤,缺乏能动性的爱,无论是夫妻之情还是同胞之爱都缺乏真情实意。本文从权威主义对人性的压迫、数量化和抽象化的价值观对人性的扭曲,以及爱的能动性的缺失导致的人性冷漠三个角度出发,对《又来了,爱情》一书中不同历史时期不同人物在异化的社会中所产生的异化现象进行解读。本文通过对《又来了,爱情》中异化现象的分析,旨在探寻导致资本主义社会人性异化的原因,以及男女主人公是如何通过发挥自身潜能减轻甚至消除异化的,警示我们只有发挥理性认识和创造性思维、选择强调存在的生活方式、培养创造性的爱和人道主义良心,才能保持个人人格的健康发展,创建一个和谐稳定的社会。