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Alienasi merupakan istilah yang telah banyak digunakan oleh para pemikir sejak masa lampau, mulai dari Hegel, Karl Marx sampai Sartre. Dalam memaknainya, masing-masing tokoh berbicara dalam ruang lingkup kajian yang berbeda. Hegel mengatakan bahwa pembahasan alienasi ini penting dalam kaitannya dengan munculnya kesadaran atau perasaan terhadap keliyanan. Karl Marx berbicara tentang alienasi ketika ia prihatin dengan nasib para buruh yang dieksploitasi kaum borjuis. Sedangkan Sartre membicarakaan alienasi dalam hubungannnya dengan kebebasan manusia. Dari banyak tokoh tersebut, Erich Fromm sebagai seorang pemikir turut menyumbangkan kegelisahannya terhadap kondisi manusia modern yang dalam analisisnya, ia menggunakan konsep alienasi sebagai titik sentralnya. Fromm terpengaruh dengan banyak tokoh seperti Hegel dan Karl Marx, tetapi juga mengkritik, bahwa aplikasi tentang penanggulangan kondisi keterasingan manusia selalu mengalami jalan buntu karena masing-masing pemikir hanya memfokuskan analisisnya terhadap satu aspek permasalahan saja. Fromm menawarkan sebuah ide bahwa untuk menyembuhkan masyarakat yang sakit harus dilakukan perubahan bukan hanya dalam satu aspek kehidupan, tetapi perubahan yang simultan dalam seluruh bidang seperti bidang industri dan organisasi politik, spiritual, orientasi filosofis, struktur karakter manusia dan aktifitas kebudayaan. Dalam penelitian ini, penulis menggunakan metode library research dengan analisis deskriptif. Penulis dalam mengumpulkan data dengan membagi data primer dan sekunder. Teknik yang digunakan dalam analisa data dalam penelitian ini adalah dengan cara memahami tesis-tesis dari pemikiran tokoh bersangkutan, lalu mendeskripsikan dan menafsirkan pemikiran tokoh tersebut. Dalam analisis pemikiran yang telah dipaparkan juga digunakan analisa filosofis yang melingkupi pemikiran tersebut serta fenomena modern saat ini. Berdasarkan penelitian yang penulis lakukan, dapat disimpulkan bahwa Fromm berusaha menggenapi pemikiran para tokoh terdahulu dengan melakukan banyak kritik dan tambahan. Fromm beranggapan bahwa untuk mewujudkan masyarakat yang sehat, kesadaran mesti dimulai dari diri sendiri. Hal ini sesuai dengan fitrah manusia sebagai makhluk yang sadar dan unggul.
Alienasi merupakan istilah yang telah banyak digunakan oleh para pemikir sejak masa lampau, termasuk Hegel dan Karl Marx. Dalam memaknainya, masing-masing tokoh berbicara dalam ruang lingkup kajian yang berbeda. Hegel mengatakan bahwa pembahasan alienasi ini penting dalam kaitannya dengan munculnya kesadaran atau perasaan terhadap keliyanan. Karl Marx berbicara tentang alienasi ketika IA prihatin dengan nasib para buruh yang dieksploitasi kaum borjuis. Sebagaimana dijelaskan dalam tulisan ini, Fromm terpengaruh dengan kedua tokoh tersebut, tetapi juga mengkritik, bahwa aplikasi tentang penanggulangan kondisi keterasingan manusia selalu mengalami jalan buntu karena masing-masing pemikir hanya memfokuskan analisisnya terhadap satu aspek permasalahan saja. Fromm menawarkan sebuah ide bahwa untuk menyembuhkan masyarakat modern yang sakit harus dilakukan perubahan bukan hanya dalam satu aspek kehidupan, tetapi perubahan yang simultan dalam seluruh bidang seperti bidang industri dan organisasi politik, spiritual, orientasi filosofis, struktur karakter manusia dan aktifitas kebudayaan. Fromm beranggapan bahwa untuk mewujudkan masyarakat yang sehat, kesadaran mesti dimulai dari diri sendiri. Hal ini sesuai dengan fitrah manusia sebagai makhluk yang sadar dan unggul.
Through the use of Paulo Freire’s >Pedagogy of the Oppressed<, bell hooks >Teaching to Transgress<, and Erich Fromm’s >Marx’s Concept of Man<, amongst other works, this analysis will attempt to analyze the subject/object, public/private, and the masculine/feminine dichotomies that arise in nineteenth-century England. Using Charles Dickens’ >Hard Times< as a basis for this discourse analysis, I will explore the following: Patriarchy and capitalism as interconnected systems of domination that (re)produce and purposefully instill Marx’s concept of false consciousness and alienation in an attempt to train, as Victorian economist Andrew Ure explains in his >Philosophy of Manufactures<, >human beings to renounce their desultory habits of work and to identity themselves with the unvarying regulatory of the complex automaton< (Ure 15). Works Cited Ure, Andrew. The Philosophy of Manufactures; or, An Exposition of the Scientific, Moral, and Commercial Economy of the Factory System of Great Britain. London: C. Knight, 1835. Google Books. Google, 28 June 2007. Web. 2 Apr. 2015.
[First page] Critical Theory as a philosophical orientation has provided a radical stimulus to a contemporary generation of thinkers by combining the Hegelian and Marxian dialectical methods with Marx's critique of ideology. This has given rise to a distinctively powerful lens of social analysis for the project of emancipation in the multifarious issues of power struggle, ideology, language, discourse, technology, instrumental reason, aesthetic industry, etc. in social, economic, political, and cultural spheres of contemporary society. The revolutionary insights of Hegel and Marx in Critical Theory however, do not imply a closed system of thought among its practitioners; in fact, at times, it has been discordant, however vibrant. In this collection of correspondence, for instance, Marcuse disagrees with Dunayevskaya on the latter's interpretation and application of Hegel's dialectics and absolute idea/mind, while Fromm accused Marcuse of callousness towards moral qualities in political figures similar to that of Lenin (xviii), and Marcuse likewise attacked Fromm on his Freudian revisionism and liberalism regarding interpretations on Freudian psychoanalysis versus Marxist social analysis.
References to the disagreements between the Frankfurt School's intellectual leaders Max Horkheimer and Theodor Adorno with Herbert Marcuse (xvii), on the one hand, and with Erich Fromm (xix), on the other hand, were also alluded to. Nonetheless, by and through persistent critical dialogue and exchange-truly a real practice of dialectics-the critical theorists in different perspectives of the Marxist-Humanist, Hegelian-Marxist, and Socialist Humanist standpoints, have preserved and has brought to greater heights. ...
Fromm, Marx, and Humanism
(2015)
Fromm's early work connecting Marx and Freud as part of the Frankfurt School has gotten inordinate attention, while his later work interpreting Marx as a humanist, democratic, and anti-totalitarian thinker has received short shrift in recent decades. This paper will examine works like Marx's Concept of Man (1961a) and Socialist Humanism (1965a) in terms of their context, their impact, and the controversies they stirred up with Cold War liberals like Sidney Hook and the young Richard Bernstein. Fromm's differences with Marcuse over humanism are also explored. In addition, this paper discusses Fromm's correspondence with the Marxist feminist and humanist Raya Dunayevskaya and his connections with Eastern European dissident Marxists. Fromm's persistent dialogue with Marx during the last two decades of his life had a wide impact on the 1960s generation and beyond. At a time when the crisis of capitalism has led to a new interest in Marx, this after the collapse of the Soviet Union, it also speaks to us today.
O artigo analisa a representação dos transtornos psiquiátricos no jornal Folha de S. Paulo. O corpus é constituído por 29 matérias do ano de 2011. O estudo toma por base a teoria crítica e a psicanálise que fundamentam a concepção frankfurtiana do modelo psíquico do homem liberal. O artigo aborda os autores Erick Fromm (1984), Max Horkheimer (1976; 1985), Theodor Adorno (1992), enfoca os conceitos de sociedade unidimensional de Herbert Marcuse (1973), e patologia da modernidade de Jürgen Habermas (FREITAG, 1995). A análise revela a predominância das depressões, pânico e toxicomanias.
Penelitian ini memfokuskan pada pembandingan struktur naratif dan sinematik antara cerpen >Cinta di Saku Belakang Celana< dan film >Cinta di Saku Celana< karya Fajar Nugros. Selain itu, juga dilakukan pembandingan mengenai perilaku, peristiwa, dialog/monolog karakter, simbol yang ada di dalam cerpen dan film. Tujuannya adalah untuk mengetahui konsep cinta yang terdapat dalam cerpen dan film, serta bagaimana representasi konsep cinta dari cerpen ke film. Hal yang melatarbelakangi penelitian ini adalah adanya perbedaan konsep cinta yang terdapat dalam kedua karya tersebut yang masih menimbulkan kebingungan bagi para pembaca. Kajian ini menggunakan pendekatan sastra bandingan. Penelitian ini dikaitkan dengan hierarki kebutuhan Abraham Maslow, objek cinta menurut Erich Fromm, dan cinta dalam tasawuf menurut Rabi’ah Al Adawiyah. Metode penelitian yang digunakan adalah deskriptif analisis komparatif. Data dan sumber data adalah file film >Cinta di Saku Celana< dan buku kumpulan cerpen karya Fajar Nugros berjudul >I Didn’t Lose My Heart, I Sold It on Ebay!< Temuan penelitian menunjukkan bahwa konsep cinta yang terdapat pada cerpen adalah cinta kepada harta/materi, sedangkan pada film adalah cinta kepada wanita. Representasi konsep cinta dari cerpen >Cinta di Saku Belakang Celana< ke film >Cinta di Saku Celana< mengalami pergeseran menjadi sesuatu yang lebih realistis sehingga mampu diterima oleh penonton. Atas temuan itu dapat disimpulkan bahwa meskipun sebuah film berasal dari cerpen yang memiliki cerita sama, tetapi tetap saja terjadi pergeseran setelah diekranisasi. Pergeseran ini terjadi karena adanya perbedaan sasaran antara cerpen dan film. Sasaran cerpen adalah pembaca, sedangkan sasaran film adalah penonton. Penelitian ini memfokuskan pada pembandingan struktur naratif dan sinematik antara cerpen >Cinta di Saku Belakang Celana< dan film >Cinta di Saku Celana< karya Fajar Nugros. Selain itu, juga dilakukan pembandingan mengenai perilaku, peristiwa, dialog/monolog karakter, simbol yang ada di dalam cerpen dan film. Tujuannya adalah untuk mengetahui konsep cinta yang terdapat dalam cerpen dan film, serta bagaimana representasi konsep cinta dari cerpen ke film. Hal yang melatarbelakangi penelitian ini adalah adanya perbedaan konsep cinta yang terdapat dalam kedua karya tersebut yang masih menimbulkan kebingungan bagi para pembaca. Kajian ini menggunakan pendekatan sastra bandingan. Penelitian ini dikaitkan dengan hierarki kebutuhan Abraham Maslow, objek cinta menurut Erich Fromm, dan cinta dalam tasawuf menurut Rabi’ah Al Adawiyah. Metode penelitian yang digunakan adalah deskriptif analisis komparatif. Data dan sumber data adalah file film >Cinta di Saku Celana< dan buku kumpulan cerpen karya Fajar Nugros berjudul >I Didn’t Lose My Heart, I Sold It on Ebay!< Temuan penelitian menunjukkan bahwa konsep cinta yang terdapat pada cerpen adalah cinta kepada harta/materi, sedangkan pada film adalah cinta kepada wanita. Representasi konsep cinta dari cerpen >Cinta di Saku Belakang Celana< ke film >Cinta di Saku Celana< mengalami pergeseran menjadi sesuatu yang lebih realistis sehingga mampu diterima oleh penonton. Atas temuan itu dapat disimpulkan bahwa meskipun sebuah film berasal dari cerpen yang memiliki cerita sama, tetapi tetap saja terjadi pergeseran setelah diekranisasi. Pergeseran ini terjadi karena adanya perbedaan sasaran antara cerpen dan film. Sasaran cerpen adalah pembaca, sedangkan sasaran film adalah penonton.
The Relevance of Erich Fromm
(2015)
У даній статті мова йде про витоки насилля, у тому числі політичного. Показано взаємозв’язок між поняттями насилля, агресії та деструктивності. Наведено різні визначення зазначених понять. Детально аналізуються різні підходи до розуміння джерел насилля та агресії. Зокрема, представлені психоаналі-тичні теорії, інстинктивізм, біхевіоризм, фрустраційні теорії агресії, концепція відносної депривації, концепції агресії як вивченої реакції. Серед психоаналітичних теорій особливу увагу приділено вченням З. Фрейда, В. Райха, Е. Фромма. Також у статті згадані погляди С. Шпільрейн, В. Штекеля, П. Федерна, Е. Вейсса щодо природи деструк-тивного. Розкрито сутність таких понять як інстинкт смерті, Танатос, мортідо та деструдо. Спираючись на вчення Е. Фромма, підкреслено різницю між двома базовими типами агресії – доброякісною, біологіч-но адаптивною агресією та злоякісною деструктивністю, витоки якої коріняться у структурі характеру. Наведені основні різновиди агресії, серед яких – псевдоагресія, оборонна, конформістська та інструмен-тальна агресія (доброякісна агресія); садизм, некрофілія (злоякісна агресія) тощо.Розглянуто також такі підходи до визначення сутності та джерел агресії та насилля як інстинктивізм (К. Лоренц) та біхевіоризм (Дж. Б. Уотсон, Б. Ф. Скіннер та ін.). Значну увагу приділено фрустрацій-ним теоріям агресії (Дж. Доллард, Н. Е. Міллер, Л. Берковіц та ін.), згідно з якими причини агресії та насилля криються в особливому психічному стані – фрустрації. Підкреслено особливе значення теорії Т. Р. Гарра, в якій джерела агресії та політичного насилля визначаються через поняття відносної депри-вації. Ще один розглянутий у статті підхід – концепції агресії як вивченої реакції (А. Бандура, Г. Левін, Б. Флейшман та ін.). Прибічники цього підходу вважають, що агресивна поведінка формується у процесі соціального навчання.
This paper analyzes the life and the work of Dr. J.N. Rosen, who pioneered attempts to treat psychosis from a psychoanalytic standpoint at a time when conventional approaches advocated pharmacological and physical treatments. His psychotherapeutic technique, which became known as >direct analysis,< divided opinion among practitioners and later attracted a degree of notoriety as the result of several law suits following the deaths of patients under his care. This paper reviews the major publications on direct analysis, examines the events that brought it into contact with a hostile mass media, and reassesses the contribution of the approach to psychotherapy. With certain reservations, Rosen is adjudged to have been an outstanding clinician who pre-empted modern attitudes to the treatment of psychotic individuals, but the theoretical basis of his work, about which his closest collaborators were tellingly unable to fully agree, fails to provide an adequate account of how it helped those who were mentally ill.
The notion of a boundary as it pertains to psychoanalysis is explored, and the distinctiveness of psychoanalysis as a healing science that is ethical and amoral is discussed. The difference between such a science and psychotherapies, which are committed to ideological ideals of maturation and adaptation, is elucidated. Five characteristics of psychological boundaries are discussed, and the significance of each individual's >encounter< with the incest taboo is elaborated, in terms of the dynamic formation of the repression barrier. In this context, the strict ethicality and moral neutrality of psychoanalytic practice is understood in terms of the emancipative way in which free-associative discourse works and plays along the repression barrier.
Attachment and separation individuation two ways of looking at the mother infant relationship
(2015)
The early development of two sisters was observed in a naturalistic setting as part of the research contributing to an understanding of the separation–individuation process. Forty years later, the women were administered the Adult Attachment Inventory (AAI). The results of the AAI, which were unexpected and surprising, are used in this paper to add to the understanding of the earlier observations, and to demonstrate how both theories together can be used to enrich our understanding of the earliest relationship.
From >Freedom from< towards >Freedom to<: A Frommian Reading of Anthony Burgess’s A Clockwork Orange
(2015)
This paper presents some dimensions of Erich Fromm's analytical social psychology that can be related to consumer capitalism. In view of the limits of growth, the destructive consequences of the consumerist lifestyle are increasingly evident. A sane consumption is something we must develop. This new consumption would promote sustainable development as a counterweight to the commoditization of the consumer and of the world. The social character approach describes the social adaptation of the psychic powers of man to economic needs. At present this adaptive process has transformed education and learning, creating students who can be easily used by the economic system and who will be perfect consumers. To curtail a potentially meaningless life, production and consumption must be limited and cut to a reasonable level. More people must change their way of life. Erich Fromm's approach presents reasons why consumerism is a dead end for human development and he outlines life-saving solutions that involve change in our education systems.
O aparato teórico utilizado por Erich Fromm em suas análises da sociedade contemporânea tem como base duas principais fontes: Marx e Freud. A aproximação destas distintas correntes de pensamento também aconteceu com os teóricos críticos do Instituto para Pesquisa Social da Universidade de Frankfurt, como Max Horkheimer, Theodor Adorno e Herbert Marcuse. Erich Fromm fora membro do Instituto tendo contribuído decisivamente para as aproximações da psicanálise e do marxismo quando dos primeiros anos desta instituição. Posteriormente, rompe com o Instituto e desenvolve uma análise original da sociedade contemporânea, cujo principal referencial teórico é uma leitura singular das obras de Marx e Freud.
This bachelor's thesis deals with Fromm's perspective to the dilemma of formalization of character in accordance to genders and its differences. This thesis is conceived from general Fromm's description of man's character to detailed description of the social organization and genders perspective. In the first part we focus on general concept of character with emphasis to social character, because it is variable and from Fromm's view is fundamental for its formulation. In the second chapter we mainly addict our self to social structures and their distinct effects which would arised during the formalization of character. In the last chapter we pay attention to individual gender. We are looking for the principal element, which affects character of man and woman from Fromm's perspective.
In this study I will try to put forward the views of the social theorists and critics who consider >postmodern culture< (Jameson) as deeply manipulative. The fundamental patterns of the system of the ideology preach to the spread of the values of consumerism, individualism and hedonism (Fromm). As the study shows, the media play a key role in spreading these values (Chomsky). The media became the main >ideological apparatus< (Althusser) and the business world, the world of culture and politics is controlled by these media. Economic system thus gains support of the population and can reproduce itself. According to some interpretations there is no escape from the environment of the systemic manipulation (Jameson, Foucault, Marcuse), but there are also opinions according to which systemic indoctrination can intervene only in the public – official discourse, but not culture and behavior patterns of marginalized groups (Scott, Bloch, Williams). I will try to interpret and analyze systematically these two intuitive views. In this context, I will develop the thesis that the value of truth, not as an epistemologically or metaphysically regulative principle, but as a socio-emancipating force which can have in the environment of the absolute manipulation a decisive impact in the formulation of alternative to the current (post)modern global-capitalist society. The study is based on the author's book Matrix of Capitalism: Is the Revolution Coming? (Veda, Bratislava 2011).
Sociopolitical democratization, the rebirth of Sigmund Freud's legacy, and the revitalization of psychoanalysis in today's Czech Republic created the conditions for the symposium >Psychological Birth and Infant Development< to take place. The sponsors, faculty, and organizers are gratefully acknowledged, together with the citizens of the town of Příbor.
Although at age 75, Freud asserted >deep within me there continues to be the happy child of Freiberg< (Příbor), his statement may now be regarded as an idealized version of his infancy and early childhood, devoid of trauma and stress. His reconstructions of his first three years of life, reported in his letters of October 1897 to Wilhelm Fliess, are subject to their own reconstruction. He had just repudiated seduction trauma as an exclusive etiology of psychopathology. Freud was then in the throes of an intense transference–countertransference relationship with Fliess, with reactivated unconscious conflict and developmental challenge. The reconstructions of his nursemaid, of his reactions to the birth and death of his first sibling, and of seeing his mother >nudam< require re-evaluation and revision in the context of contemporary psychoanalytic theory and new knowledge. While the specific reconstructions are of continuing interest, the methodology of analytic inquiry into early childhood and parenting transcends the inevitable limitations of the infancy of psychoanalysis. The concept of reconstruction potentiated the development of psychoanalytic thought, although with recurrent controversy, especially concerning retrospective meaning, psychic reality, and historical reality.
The cut and the building of psychoanalysis. Review of Volume 1 Sigmund Freud and Emma Eckstein
(2015)
Isaiah Berlin’s >Two Concepts of Liberty< was a milestone in the development of modern political theory, with his advocacy of negative freedom supporting the neoliberal demand for ‘freedom from’ the state. This article defends the conception of positive freedom by calling on the neglected insights of the sociological tradition. I demonstrate how Marx, Durkheim and Simmel all understood freedom to be a socially conditioned phenomenon, with >freedom from< being an idealist fiction (Marx), and a recipe for anomie (Durkheim) and loss of meaning (Simmel). I argue, however, that positive freedom as it was theorised by the classical sociologists must be distinguished from the more fashionable idea of individual self-realisation and self-identity, a notion equally susceptible to idealist constructions, and one increasingly targeted by Foucault-inspired critics. Instead I draw on Hannah Arendt and André Gorz to show how positive freedom should be theorised as a worldly, conflictual, and pre-eminently political affair.
Two sources, Lawrence Friedman's recent biography and Michael Maccoby's important 1994 essay on the >two voices< of Erich Fromm, present Fromm as torn between his roles as scholarly >scientist< and as revolutionary >prophet<. Contra Friedman and Maccoby, who see the >prophetic< as impinging on Fromm's scholarly objectivity and rigor, I argue that Fromm's prophetic and scientific sides must be understood as fundamentally linked. Fromm's ethical-prophetic orientation and his theory of >prophetic messianism< are intellectually sophisticated. Fromm draws on philosophical traditions that privilege human flourishing (Aristotle, Spinoza, Marx) as the basis for ethical decision-making. Like Marxist Georg Lukács's >totality<, Fromm's prophetic messianism not only doesn't limit his theoretical work – it opens up new vistas, through an encounter with reality that is both theoretical and practical.
В статье представлен анализ исследований Э. Фромма, посвященных религии и религиозности. Научная актуальность работы заключается в обосновании роли его концепции в поиске механизмов синергии гуманистических нравственных ценностей различных религиозных традиций, а также конвергенции религиозного и философского сознания как одного из условий противостояния современному кризису духовности. Идеи Э. Фромма относительно антропологических различий между гуманистическими и авторитарными формами религиозности рассматриваются в качестве продуктивной эвристической и методологической платформы для обновленной типологии доктрин религиозной этики. Исследование осуществлено на дисциплинарном пересечении этики, религиозной аксиологии и философии религии.
Growth: What reconciliation of conflicts could mean. A lesson from the history of psychoanalysis
(2015)
Often, conflicts cannot be solved; they have to be endured. A hidden idea behind solving conflicts and coming to reconciliation is growth, but what does growth mean? Here growth is understood as the use of different perspectives: at first different perspectives, then their complementary use, followed by their simultaneous use, and then achieving a state of resonating alignment. Finally, growth is described as gaining excentric positionality, introducing a concept from the philosopher Hellmuth Plessner. The author shows these steps from different to complementary to simultaneous use and resonating alignment not by clinical material, but by using the history of the theoretical evolution of psychoanalysis. Growth is an important concept not only for patients, but also for understanding our history.
Understanding and Treating Patients in Clinical Psychoanalysis, London (Routledge) 2015, 140 p.
(2015)
Inspired by Erich Fromm
(2015)
This paper discusses some reasons Erich Fromm's thinking is essential in analytic treatment and training today. Nevertheless, one frequently encounters resistances when presenting his ideas to candidates in psychoanalytic programs in the USA. Trends toward relativism have diluted the sense of purpose in psychoanalysis. This makes Fromm's passionate dedication to human freedom and self-actualization crucial. But, ironically, the postmodern sensibility often contributes to a rejection of Fromm's legacy. The paper offers suggestions about how Fromm's thinking, with its emphasis on authenticity, directness, intensity, full presence, and passionate purposefulness, can be fruitfully integrated into an interpersonal psychoanalytic approach.
Сутність християнської догми Еріха Фромма [The Essence of the Christian Dogma by Erich Fromm]
(2015)
В статті Буряк Н. Б. >Сутність християнської догми Еріка Фромма< розглядається динаміка розвитку релігійних поглядів Еріха Фромма. Вперше було зроблено порівняльний аналіз усіх робіт Фромма, що стосуються теми релігії. Фромм приділяє питанню пошуку себе та суспільства у вірі досить велику кількість часу, тому подібний дослід є досить актуальним і потребує певного заглиблення у суть деяких світових релігій, зокрема християнства. Питання проявів і протидій гуманізму та авторитаризму християнства, його історична еволюція та ідеали кидають свого роду виклик видатному філософу і змушують його працювати над цим складним питанням майже все його життя. Догмат Еріха Фромма розвивався так, що спочатку існувало уявлення про людину, що стала Богом, і перетворилося на уявлення про Бога, що став людиною. Концепція світу старозавітних пророків виходила за межі відносин між людьми, гармонія повинна запанувати між людиною і природою. Мир між людиною і природою – це гармонія між Богом та людиною. Еріх Фромм назавжди порвав з іудаїзмом у 26 років і з того часу вважав себе християнином. Однак християнство Фромма, його розуміння Бога, ролі Христа у світовій історії, тлумачення еволюції ідей Спасителя і зараз дивують своєю сміливістю і неортодоксальністю.
Although this paper manifestly deals with new historical data, its main objective is the psychoanalytic reconstruction of Sigmund Freud's early development, and a deeper understanding of the circumstances influencing the development of his psychoanalyzing mind. The present paper is a continuation of Burianek's book Facts and impressions: Psychoanalyst's guide to the birthplace of Sigmund Freud, currently available only in Czech. Methodological approaches intersecting in the book and in the present paper include environmental topography, ethnography, historical archival research, personal communications, indirect symbolic communications such as screen memories, interpretations and reconstructions by Freud himself, and later interpretations by other analysts. Finding the gaps and inconsistencies in the expectable course of historical events, the paper further clarifies the financial situation of the family of Jakob Freud, the situation surrounding the (nurse)maids, and the birth, life, and death of Julius Freud, Freud's younger brother. Summarizing Sigmund Freud's early life with regard to the problems of separation and ambivalence vis-à-vis the maternal object, and his fantasies of >paradise lost,< it is speculated that the long-term sublimation and transformation of his early neurosis became the model of Sigmund Freud's personal creativity and the basis for the psychoanalytic method.
This paper explores the links between psychoanalysis and music in Vienna between the years 1908 and 1923, focusing in particular on two members of the highly influential Second Viennese School, the composers Alban Berg and Anton Webern. While there is little evidence of an actual interaction between Freud and his circle and contemporaneous musicians in Vienna, this paper discusses the direct personal and professional contact Webern and Berg had with Freud, and also with Freud's one-time colleague Alfred Adler; Berg's wife Helene also underwent psychoanalytic treatment. Both composers documented their experiences with and feelings about psychoanalysis, offering critical insights into the reception of psychoanalysis in musical circles in Vienna, and into the actual connections between psychoanalysis and Vienna's most important musical figures. This paper examines Berg and Webern in the context of Freud's Vienna, Adler's musical background and his treatment of Webern, and Berg's knowledge of psychoanalysis and strong ambivalence towards his wife's psychoanalytic treatment, and concludes by considering Berg's opera Wozzeck (1925) as an example of a musical work influenced by contemporary Viennese attitudes towards psychoanalysis.
在《为自己的人》一书中,围绕>道—德形态<的基本问题,弗洛姆揭示了人与自然伦理关系的二律背反、理性—人所蕴涵的二律背反;围绕>伦—理形态<的基本问题,他揭示了当代人与自身力量的关系被作为商品的知识所中介,进而导致人与其自身力量的二律背反;围绕>伦理—道德形态<的基本问题,弗洛姆指出,现代发达资本主义社会由于缺乏设计>更好的<人和>更好的<社会之眼光,使人与人、人与社会二律背反。如何才能消除或者超越上述的二律背反,成为一个完整意义上的人。弗洛姆试图从伦理学与心理学的结合构建基于生产性的人道主义—普遍伦理学。然而,在方法论上,他囿于人本主义伦理学及其精神分析社会—心理学的运思,脱离了现实社会基础,在实践中只能是一种>乌托邦<。