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This article invites Primo Levi, the internationally esteemed citizen of Turin, Italy and survivor of the Auschwitz to instruct post 9/11 psychoanalysis in five lessons on living and dying in the aftermath of severe trauma. Relying on excerpts from Levi's writings, the author invites Levi to speak to the reader words of warning concerning contemporary psychoanalysis' benign omnipotence in embracing overly simplistic theories of cure, resiliency and psychic repatriation of the human spirit in the aftermath of severe trauma.
>Solidarity< conjures up positive images of the strength of togetherness and community, but in practice it is experienced by groups when confronted by a real or perceived threat from other groups. The ideal of a universal human solidarity appears tenuous and flimsy. However, Richard Rorty and Axel Honneth have attempted, in different ways, to bring this ideal under philosophical consideration. Their treatment of human solidarity is flawed by their a priori rejection of the normative idea of a common human nature. Such an idea, termed ‘radical humanism’, is reconstructed from the work of Erich Fromm, and one of its chief implications – the rejection of liberal nationalism – is proposed as part of a radical challenge to contemporary social and political theory.
Bekannte ‚ausmisten<?,
(2004)
Not until after the Second World War did German sociology get back on par with the general Western mainstream that remains the standard to this day. Prior to the Third Reich, various philosophical and sociological schools of thought and traditions had emerged. They were quite unique to Germany and very different from those in other Western countries. It was first and foremost the brutal destruction by the Nazis and then the US modernization policies in post-War Germany that eradicated a specifically German scholarly culture. One of these specific German schools of philosophy was the so-called Frankfurt School around the philosophers Theodor W. Adorno, Erich Fromm, Max Horkheimer, Friedrich Pollock, Leo Löwenthal, Walter Benjamin and Herbert Marcuse (and later Jürgen Habermas).
Following Ferenczi's tradition of examining the dynamics between analyst and analysand, I will explore aspects of this relationship particularly around issues of mutuality versus inequality, all occurring without the conscious involvement of either participant. I propose that these issues of attachment can be further illuminated by examining the underlying neuropsychobiological processes. Case examples will be offered to illustrate these points.
Die Kunst des Liebens: Körpererfahrung und Tanz als Zugangswege zur schöpferischen Eigenkraft
(2004)
Editorial
(2004)
Editorial
(2004)
Der Beitrag erörtert die Anwendbarkeit von E. Fromms Theorie des Gesellschaftscharakters in der praktischen Sozialpädagogik. Dabei orientieren sich die Ausführungen über den Wert der Frommschen Charakterlehre an der Annahme, dass die Einbahnstraßen und das Einzelkämpfertum aus den Köpfen der Pädagogen heraus müssen, um Produktivität zu entwickeln. In das Thema einführend, wird zunächst der Frage nachgegangen, ob der Gesellschaftscharakter überhaupt zu beeinflussen ist. Der zweite Schritt widmet sich sodann dem Begriff des Gesellschaftscharakters hinsichtlich seiner Entstehungsgeschichte bei Fromm. Hier wird der Zusammenhang zwischen Psyche und Gesellschaft in Fromms Sozialpsychologie im Kontext seiner Biographie dargestellt. Der dritte Schritt setzt die Begriffsbestimmung fort und beleuchtet die Funktion des Gesellschaftscharakters bei Fromm. Hierbei ist die Funktion des Gesellschaftscharakters für die Gesellschaft von der Funktion für das Individuum zu unterscheiden. Grundsätzlich ist der Mensch weniger determiniert durch Instinkt als das Tier. Der Charakter kann nach Fromm den Instinkt ersetzen. Reaktionen laufen ab, ohne dass darüber nachgedacht werden muss, da das Charaktersystem das Grundmuster für die Verhaltensweise vorgibt. Eine weitere Funktion des Charakters im Allgemeinen ist die Vereinheitlichung der Handlungsweise. Der Mensch handelt innerhalb eines geschlossenen Systems, das einer bestimmten Logik folgt, vorgegeben durch die Charakterstruktur. Darüber hinaus lassen sich noch die speziellen Funktionen des Gesellschaftscharakters beschreiben. Da er das Ergebnis der Lebenserfahrungen einer ganzen Gruppe ist, ist er als verbindender Faktor der Individuen mit der Gruppe zu verstehen. Aus einer solchen Basis können sich Ideen beispielsweise zu 'mächtigen Triebkräften' entwickeln. Nur mit einer bestimmten Charakterstruktur ausgestattet können diese Ideen oder Werte von den Individuen nachvollzogen werden. Auf dieser Grundlage erläutert der vierte Schritt abschließend den Sinn der Erkenntnis des Gesellschaftscharakters nach Fromm für die praktische Pädagogik.
Erich Fromm
(2004)
Erich Fromm als Soziologe. Anregungen aus dem Werk von Alfred Weber und Zuordnungen zur Soziologie
(2004)
Para Fromm, o dilema básico humano referia-se ao fato de que ao longo dos anos quanto mais às pessoas ganham liberdade mais elas se sentem solitárias, inseguras e separadas da natureza. Fromm sugeriu que as pessoas identificavam-se com as religiões e com as pátrias, na tentativa de lidar com a sensação de perda de vínculo com a natureza. A idade média teria sido, para ele, a última era de estabilidade na qual o individuo possuiu realmente sentimento de pertencer a uma classe. Três mecanismos de fuga aos aspectos da liberdade foram propostos por Fromm, porem na tentativa de recuperar a segurança perdida: O Autoritarismo, a Destrutividade e a Conformidade Autômata.
Erich Fromm’s Views on Youth
(2004)
This paper is based on Bowlby’s attachment theory. Following Bowlby, therapy is viewed as a secure base from which to explore. The final achievement of independence can be encouraged by self-analysis. A review of the literature on self-analysis is focused on Freud, Horney and Fromm. Self-analysis can be the primary aim from the start, or it can be the outcome of a training or a therapeutic analysis. An example taken from therapeutic analysis is given. In the discussion, the various types of attachment are reviewed. Therapy is viewed as leading from insecure to secure attachment, and finally to autonomy.
Foreword
(2004)
Aggression hat immer zwei Gesichter: Sie hat eine defensive, lebenserhaltende und wachstumsfördernde Funktion und eine zerstörerische. Gewalt hingegen ist jene Erscheinungsweise von Aggression, die auf die Wehrlosigkeit des Opfers zielt oder sich wehrlose Opfer sucht. Gewaltsames Verhalten unterscheidet sich von anderen Formen der Aggression dadurch, dass die defensive Funktion von Aggression vereitelt wird und es deshalb zu einer Pervertierung von Aggression kommt. Mit Erich Fromm kann gesagt werden: Statt sich oder andere gegen eine Bedrohung aggressiv zu verteidigen, fühlt sich der Gewalttätige vom Wehrlosen und Wehrlosmachen angezogen. In einem zweiten Teil werden jene drei Formen von Gewalt, die gegenwärtig besonders häufig in Erscheinung treten, vorgestellt: die sadistische, die narzisstische und die nekrophile Gewalt. Abschließend wird psychoanalytisch nach den Ursprüngen von offener und verschwiegener Gewalt gefragt und plausibel gemacht, warum Gewalt neue Gewalt und Gegengewalt erzeugt. Je wehrloser sich ein Opfer fühlt und je ohnmächtiger es ist, sich noch gegen die bedrohliche Gewalt wütig und aggressiv zu verhalten, desto stärker ist die Neigung, die bedrohlich Gewalt zu introjizieren. Auf diese Weise wird die Gewalt im Opfer wiedergeboren und muss das Opfer mit seiner verinnerlichten Gewalttätigkeit fertig werden.
All contemporary psychoanalytical theorists are concerned with the common problem of how to account for the preeminent importance of relations. John Bowlby, the founder of attachment theory, suggests that >instinctive< behavioral systems underlie much of the emotional life of man and have developed because they were necessary for survival. The system with which he was almost exclusively concerned was the multitude of behaviors and experiences constituting the child's >attachment< to the mother. This >strikingly strong tie, evident particularly when disrupted<, has systematically been observed by attachment researchers, through the development of a series of instruments that gauge interpersonal communication. These interpersonal communications have on their part been found to >contain traces of developmental history<. Bowlby's theory is based on clinical accounts of cases of important loss experiences. A transcendental role is given in Bowlby's theory to the experiences of loss. It stresses that the construction of mourning processes can be seen as a manifestation of search and as a general gradual mental reorientation. The paper introduces the methodological perspectives, which are observable derivations of Bowlby's psycho-ethological ideas. We will argue that becoming acquainted with these attachment-research tools and with socio-psychoanalytic assessment can enhance the development of the clinicians' observational skills, their insight and their scientific research practices. A clinical vignette seen through the lenses of the attachment assessment of loss is presented. It points in addition to the socio-cultural-ethnical basis that serves as an underlying structure for the development of meaning.
All contemporary psychoanalytical theorists are concerned with the common problem of how to account for the preeminent importance of relations. John Bowlby, the founder of attachment theory, suggests that >instinctive< behavioral systems underlie much of the emotional life of man and have developed because they were necessary for survival. The system with which he was almost exclusively concerned was the multitude of behaviors and experiences constituting the child's >attachment< to the mother. This >strikingly strong tie, evident particularly when disrupted<, has systematically been observed by attachment researchers, through the development of a series of instruments that gauge interpersonal communication. These interpersonal communications have on their part been found to >contain traces of developmental history<. Bowlby's theory is based on clinical accounts of cases of important loss experiences. A transcendental role is given in Bowlby's theory to the experiences of loss. It stresses that the construction of mourning processes can be seen as a manifestation of search and as a general gradual mental reorientation. The paper introduces the methodological perspectives, which are observable derivations of Bowlby's psycho-ethological ideas. We will argue that becoming acquainted with these attachment-research tools and with socio-psychoanalytic assessment can enhance the development of the clinicians' observational skills, their insight and their scientific research practices. A clinical vignette seen through the lenses of the attachment assessment of loss is presented. It points in addition to the socio-cultural-ethnical basis that serves as an underlying structure for the development of meaning.
How to find Fromm
(2004)
Ferenczi's (1933) surprisingly unknown concept of identification with the aggressor – an abuse victim's 'eliminating' her own subjectivity and 'becoming' precisely what an attacker needs her to be – has radical implications for our understanding of analytic technique. Its very frequent occurrence also forces us to broaden our understanding of what constitutes trauma. Ferenczi saw the experience of 'traumatic aloneness' or 'emotional abandonment' as the key element of trauma, since this is what enforces the traumatic responses of dissociation and identification with the aggressor. Identification with the aggressor operates in the analytic relationship in both patient and analyst. This has various consequences, including the structuring of the relationship through unconscious collusions – mutually coordinated, defensive identifications designed to help both participants feel secure. This view of the analytic relationship has clinical implications in at least four areas: the understanding of the patient's free associations, which may reflect the patient's compliance with the analyst's wishes rather than the contents of the patient's own unconscious; the need for some kind of mutuality of analysis; the traumatizing potential of the analyst's authority; and the tendency of some patients to take blame and responsibility reflexively, as a way of protecting the analyst.
The author discusses the topic of identity in psychoanalysis. He underlines the lack of interest among analysts in exploring this concept. He wonders what the difference is between Identity and the Freudian Ego, and between Identity and the Self. Having in the past been explained in its connection to the Object and to the Self through identification and narcissism, Identity should be conceived as the process of self-mirroring today, which is the result of the subject's experience in his relationship with the other and of the incidence of a self-reflective function. Regarding the human being as a system, this implies a tendency to recognise oneself. Instead of thinking about identity as a psychological instance or a conceptual alternative to the Ego or of the Self, it can be conceptualised as a specific feature of the human system, which is at the basis of individual psychological development.
Identity and self
(2004)
A historical overview of the evolution of >identity< indicates that this term was more commonly used prior to the elaboration of the sense of self. Erik Erikson and Heinz Lichtenstein elaborated >identity< in their epigenetic and clinical theories, respectively, and were criticized by psychoanalysts for relying on social, cultural, anthropological data rather than psychoanalytic treatment. Formulations with respect to >identity formation< subsequently shifted to the psychological and developmental constructs, >self< and >sense of self.< In her contribution, Edith Jacobson made autonomy, separateness, and independence central to the establishment of one's identity. She buttresses this view through her description of the relationship of the developing self to its world of objects. Pursuing the elaboration of >self< through empirical infant studies, Daniel Stern formulated the development of >senses of self< as linked to interactions between self and other. A clinical vignette illustrates the sources of a patient's self organization and the clinical implications of understanding the various experiences that contribute to a sense of self.
We present a study of 40 youngsters who live and work in the streets of Mexico City and who have abandoned their homes for significant periods of time. They seek out their own means of survival from a very young age. In many cases they have children of their own already as teenagers. The Seminario de Sociopsicoan lisis was invited to take part in a project aimed at facilitating the access of these children to graphic arts, artistic creation and therapeutic listening. This article presents our principal findings of the children's everyday life conditions, their work and their dreams, based on data obtained from social character questionnaires – with which therapeutic intervention in this project began. Vignettes of two case studies are also presented. The interviews were complemented by data gathered in weekly sessions attended by the youngsters on a voluntary bases. The sessions attested to both the narcissistic, aggressive impulsiveness of these youngsters and the vital effort they make toward their own recovery and toward establishing affective emotional ties with instructors and therapists. We found that socio-psychoanalytic methods could be used successfully to expand the scope of psychoanalytic theoretic postulates about character to a non-clinical, disadvantaged population. By analyzing the content of the psychoanalytically guided interviews we were able to recognize the central, distinctive motive, which leads these youngsters to run away from home and forge their own sense of identity.
We present a study of 40 youngsters who live and work in the streets of Mexico City and who have abandoned their homes for significant periods of time. They seek out their own means of survival from a very young age. In many cases they have children of their own already as teenagers. The Seminario de Sociopsicoan lisis was invited to take part in a project aimed at facilitating the access of these children to graphic arts, artistic creation and therapeutic listening. This article presents our principal findings of the children's everyday life conditions, their work and their dreams, based on data obtained from social character questionnaires – with which therapeutic intervention in this project began. Vignettes of two case studies are also presented. The interviews were complemented by data gathered in weekly sessions attended by the youngsters on a voluntary bases. The sessions attested to both the narcissistic, aggressive impulsiveness of these youngsters and the vital effort they make toward their own recovery and toward establishing affective emotional ties with instructors and therapists. We found that socio-psychoanalytic methods could be used successfully to expand the scope of psychoanalytic theoretic postulates about character to a non-clinical, disadvantaged population. By analyzing the content of the psychoanalytically guided interviews we were able to recognize the central, distinctive motive, which leads these youngsters to run away from home and forge their own sense of identity.
John Bowlby's Attachment Theory is being increasingly operationalised in the world of developmental research, but as yet its implications for clinical work are relatively less discussed. This paper addresses the issue of the measurement of attachment patterns and how knowledge of these can inform psychoanalysts' work with their patients. It looks at the implications of Attachment Theory at all stages of the therapeutic process, but concentrates particularly on how it can help with the crucial phase of building the working alliance.
Infant Research e nuove prospettive su teoria e tecnica della psicoterapia e della psicoanalisi
(2004)
Through numerous clinical examples and from a point of view focused on field theory the author reflects upon what are the main characteristics of 'transformative interpretations' and upon the mental and affective conditions that support it. He especially centers his attention on difficult patients who have experienced cumulative affective traumas in their lives.
Introduction
(2004)
En este artículo se comparan los planteamientos de Sigmund Freud, Herbert Marcuse y Erich Fromm en torno a la agresividad humana. Analizar esta temática en el contexto actual es relevante dado el incremento de acciones que conllevan gran dosis de violencia tanto en el plano físico, como en el psicológico y espiritual, así como la urgencia de plantear soluciones. La posición de los tres autores permite visualizar la pertinencia de explicaciones que tienden a asumirse en la vida cotidiana en torno a este fenómeno y, sobre todo, construir nuevas perspectivas que las relean, trasciendan y enriquezcan.
Fundamentada en los aportes de Erich Fromm, acerca del tener y del ser, la autora elabora una propuesta para desarrollar un taller orientado a la prevención del abuso sexual en adolescentes. De esta forma, busca que los y las jóvenes se involucren en la actitud de ser y no tanto del tener. Asimismo, se aborda el concepto de sexualidad que los par ticipantes tenían antes y después del taller. El presente artículo se complementa con el suplemento >Mi sexualidad<, escrito por la psicóloga Pamela Delgado, dirigido a estu diantes de cuarto, quinto y sexto grado de la Educación Primaria. Este suplemento comple menta la revista que usted tiene en sus manos.
Martin Buber und Erich Fromm
(2004)
Martin Buber und Erich Fromm
(2004)
On Medial Identity
(2004)
An important change is taking place in the identity forming processes in human development, caused by the increasing medialisation of communication, through television, video and Internet. In this regard, the medial mode of communication seems to be more important than the overwhelming variety of the transmitted contents. It represents the prototype of a narcissistic relation structure by arousing needs but not answering them. The identification with this mode of communication creates what the author calls medial identity in this paper. It is described as an adaptation to noncontingent experiences. An interaction consists between the medialisation of the adult world and an estrangement in the identity forming developmental conditions in childhood, which gets more influential from generation to generation. The increasing usualness of the described phenomena indicates that a new normality is heralded here.
Painting the vortex: The existential structure of the experience of parenting a child with autism
(2004)
The experience of parenting a child with autism is one of change to the parent's self. The associated triad of impairment in autism of impaired communication, social skills and a repetitive way of being permeates into the self of the parent through the medium of the social parent child relationship. This is a progressive process likened to the parent being pulled into a vortex. The existential mechanisms through which this may plausibly occur are considered.
The concept of parenthood as defined in classical theory and later theorizations is discussed. Parenthood is defined as a transformative process, activated by the idea of having a child and by interaction with the child, through which a constellation of affective and psychic capacities is developed, promoting growth and psychic change and evolving over time. Parental functions, rather than being learnable skills, are considered as mind functions linked to character traits that cannot be split from the personality as a whole and are, as such, susceptible to improvement through psychotherapeutic work. The author illustrates this with a model of psychotherapies and parallel analyses of parents and children tested and elaborated in public and private practice, showing its therapeutic and cognitive advantages. The central thesis of the paper is that whatever the approach and working method with the parents, the therapeutic space offered encourages certain processes that are vital for the structuring of the self and the psychic growth of the child: creation of a space for the representation and emotional investment of the child; improvement in the parental functions; and identification with the therapist as a new or reactivated developmental object. Two clinical cases illustrate the parallel evolution of therapeutic relationships and of the parent-child relationship.
Predgovor
(2004)
The paper discusses psychoanalysis as a mutual exchange between the analyst and analysand. A number of questions are raised: What was Ferenczi's and the early psychoanalysts' contribution to the interpersonal relational dynamics of psychoanalytic treatment? Why did countertransference become an indispensable tool in relationship- based psychoanalysis? Why is the transference-countertransference dynamic seen as a special dialogue between the analyst and analysand? What was Ferenczi's paradigm shift in the trauma theory? How did he combine the object relation approach with Freud's original trauma theory? The paper illustrates through some case study vignettes the intersubjective and intrapsychic dynamic in the process of traumatization. We can look at countertransference as an indicator of the patient's basic interpersonal experiences and traumas. Finally the paper discusses countertransference in the light of attachment theory, connecting the early initiatives of inter-relational approaches in psychoanalysis with recent research.
The subject matter of identity belongs to the orthodox psychoanalytic movement. For about the last 15 years, the International Psychoanalytic Association (IPA) has successfully tried to facilitate research and to promote projects. If the resistance of influential analysts against empirical investigation decreases further, >psychoanalytic movement< and its unfavourable concomitants will be a thing of the past. The development to a scientific community will no longer be hampered by controversies over professional identity. – The psychosocial dimension and its normative implications put the concept of identity into question. Instead the author suggests that we speak of a psychoanalytic attitude. This professional self is closely connected to the personal self. It is however, necessary to separate the method from the person. For a long time the genealogy of the training analyst determined the membership in the ever-growing family of psychoanalysts. There have been black sheep right from the beginning. Dissidents, therefore, belong to the history of Psychoanalysis. The official acceptance of pluralism within the IPA invites comparisons between the various schools according to scientific criteria. The methodology of modern psychoanalytic process and outcome research provides principles for writing treatment reports. Group identities in their dogmatic aspects are detrimental for the future of psychoanalysis. The message of the paper is to express the hope that a critical eclecticism might replace psychoanalytic schools.
The paper reviews central concepts and research findings of attachment theory emphasizing its clinical relevance to psychoanalytically informed clinicians. We then turn to a historical analysis in order to understand why Bowlby's work was dismissed within psychoanalytic circles and the reasons why Bowlby's contributions and attachment theory have begun to have a significant impact among clinicians within the last ten years.
Skeletons in the closet
(2004)
How can familiarity with Ferenczi's theory of trauma help us hear the constraints imposed by family secrets on the traumatized child in the adult who addresses himself to us? We focus our elaboration on the concept and the fate of the transgenerational alien transplant as well as the splitting that occurs over time as disavowal takes on different shapes and forms as it courses through the generations. In the first generation it takes the shape of an object of negation, in the second, denial and in the third generation, family secrets can be foreclosed. Three clinical vignettes will help us see what may become of these traumatized children summoned to silence and how our own counter-transference can interact with or against disavowal.
Süchte und Sehnsüchte
(2004)
This paper is a continuation of the author's thoughts on Ferenczi as >the mother< and his capacity to identify with women, as expressed in previous work from 1989, 1991, and 1997, and it revisits Hoffer's now widely quoted sobriquet for Ferenczi as >the mother of psychoanalysis<. That phrase makes assumptions about the Freud- Ferenczi relationship which contradict the still widespread view of Ferenczi as someone whose bizarre, acting-out exploitations of patients are best used as a cautionary tale, while his gargantuan creativity goes unrecognized. Freud's defensive ambivalence about Ferenczi created a legacy of mistrust that results in Ferenczi's still being misquoted in the manner deplored by Balint in 1948. This paper takes up some of these issues in the context of examining Ferenczi's unconventionality, particularly with respect to the fluidity of his masculine and feminine identifications. This was not only unusual for the time, but was so different from most of his psychoanalytic colleagues that these differences were viewed as pathology rather than as manifestations of a distinct originality. Contemporary ideas about androgyny are cited as a better descriptive fit of Ferenczi's attributes, and support for such an interpretation is marshalled, even as it is acknowledged that Ferenczi continues to elude categorizing, even on today's terms.
In an historical context focused on a close examination of the complex relationship between Freud and Ferenczi, the author shows Ferenczi's contribution to the evolution of psychoanalysis. He describes how his ideas and his therapeutic sensitivity anticipated modern clinical thought (for example, Winnicott and Bion), especially the understanding of borderline and narcissistic pathology. The paper considers the following topics: transference and countertransference; early affectivity; the different psychic trauma; phenomena connected with dissociation; the healing factor of the analysis.
I examine how Sándor Ferenczi has survived in the cultural memory of psychoanalysis, and why myths and legends have been created around his life and work. It seems that he could not escape the fate of the founding fathers of psychoanalysis, most notably, that of Freud and Jung: their life and work have become an object of cultic respect for the followers, diabolic figures for the enemies. Quasi-religious cultivation of the >great man< is an often observable phenomenon in literature, politics, history and in science, and it has several political and ideological functions. These functions may help to increase the inner cohesion and the group identity of the cultic community, to defend the group against external threats. Psychoanalysis has always been vulnerable to myth formation; first, for obvious sociological reasons, and, secondly, for reasons originating in the nature of therapy. The cultic functions can be realized in several ways, such as, for example, the ritualization of the transmission of knowledge, and the >biography as passion< that is, attempts to create a biographical narrative in which all life history moments crystallize around the great man's central theme. Most of the biographies on the life of great psychoanalysts are of this kind – and Ferenczi is no exception. A historiography of psychoanalysis must follow the path of modern historiography in general, which attempts at deconstructing both myths and counter-myths about persons, events and processes, in political, as well as in cultural and intellectual history. By examining the structure of myth formation about psychoanalysts we can learn a lot about how ideas are operating in changing social contexts.
Starting with Castel's description of the network society the author examines the disintegration of the patriarchal family. A process that is dependent on the diversification of family types, the increasing amount of women in working life and the feminist movement. The changes in ideology and in the means of production influence the development of individuals. This is discussed with respect to Erikson's epigenetic diagram and Fromm's theory of a social character. These social processes also effect psychoanalytical theory especially how we understand female sexuality and perversions or neoesexuality.
This paper tries to show that Ferenczi's contributions in >The Development of Psychoanalysis< (with Otto Rank) and in his >Clinical Diary< are pivotal for the development of modern psychotherapy with severely disturbed patients. In addition, the question of whether a psychotherapeutic technique should or could be communicated to others is discussed.
Mechanisms of dreaming in the processing of early traumatic situations and their clinical utilization. The difference is established between dreams of >repetition<, which lack dream imagery and contain a great amount of anguish, consisting of bodily sensations which may last on awakening, and the >secondary dream< with imagery, into which the first type can be transformed when the capacity of the psychic apparatus to process the traumatic situation is increased through therapeutic work. This >secondarization< of the repetitive dream has a traumatolytic effect, allowing the patient to reach psychoanalytically the mechanisms and mental states prevailing in the traumatic situation, through the mechanism of dream autorepresentation described by Silberer. In some cases, as illustrated in the clinical material, it is possible to anticipate the event of episodes of somatic disease before they become clinically evident. The detailed analysis of dreams in patients with these characteristics is presented and discussed.
In his last period (1928-33), Ferenczi tried to complement the 'negative' technical principles first introduced by Freud in the 1910s. He introduced diverse and successive 'positive instructions', and specific techniques known as 'elastic' of 'relaxation and neocatharsis', and also made an unsucessful attempt to introduce 'mutual analysis'. These techniques are implemented around a series of new technical principles including 'tact', 'empathy', 'indulgence', 'intense sympathy'. All of these positive technical principles and innovations demonstrate the importance of considering the dimension of 'healing' in all analytic experiences and the importance of the analyst's functioning as the 'healer'. The emphasis on the use of these new technical principles is consistent with the emphasis Ferenczi places upon countertransference and traumatic factors in psychopathogenesis.