Mental Alienation and Its Psychological Treatment – Man's Way of Salvation. Research on Fromm’s >Social Psychology< [精神异化及其心理救治 – 弗罗姆人之救赎之道的>社会心理学<研究], Doctoral dissertation, Foreign Marxism Research, Shaanxi University, Xi’an, Shaanxi, China 2013.

  • 中国社会现代化进程不断走向纵深发展的同时,现代性的诸种诟病不可避免地展现在中国民众相照面。尤其是>资本<的强大逻辑实质性地支配和影响着中国社会生活的方方面面,个体生存品质的畸变,成为时代精神的重要关切点。人们在对>高品质<的物质生活孜孜不倦的渴求之中,却一再迷失于各种虚假信息下的虚假消费的迷雾之中。无法满足的物质欲望的焦虑与有效精神世界支持的缺乏,让人们的心灵陷入迷茫和困惑。对于现代社会的病理诊断,埃里希•弗洛姆的社会心理学可谓独树一帜,可以作为中国现代性理论建构的宝贵思想资源。埃里希•弗洛姆(1900—1980)曾经被称誉为美国最具影响力和最受欢迎的精神分析学家,同时也是西方>弗洛伊德主义的马克思主义流派<的主要代表人物。上世纪80年代的中国改革之初,弗洛姆开始进入中国人的文化视野,作为有着精神分析背景的西方马克思主义者,他以其独特的视角将马克思的>异化<理论、马克思关于人的思想、马克思关于人类解放的理想和弗洛伊德的精神分析的理论、人本主义哲学、社会心理学分析结合起来,对人的精神领域的异化做出剖析,并试图为20世纪人的精神生活的健全发展做出理论上的回应。笔者认为,结合当今中国社会的各种现实生活,对弗洛姆研究的深度和广度具有重要的理论意义和现实意义。弗洛姆有着浓厚的宗教思想和精神分析的背景,受法兰克福学派的社会批判理论宗旨的影响,汲取了马克思关于人的思想的养料,形成了自己独特的理论思想。弗洛姆作为一位颇具影响的大师,其思想有他的合理性和时代性。本论文选择>精神异化<的独特角度,对弗洛姆思想进行梳理,试图挖掘出弗洛姆思想的现实性。>异化<是一个老话题,从黑格尔的>绝对精神<的异化到费尔巴哈对宗教>彼岸世界<的批判,再到马克思对>现实世界<的>劳动异化<的批判,异化思想最终演化为一个批判现实的利器。弗洛姆正是在此理论的基础上,认为20世纪的问题突出表现为>人死了<,人的精神丧失了,异化已是一个全社会各个阶层不可回避的问题,人的精神生活在物质消费主义、精神产业化的蚕食下彻底>异化<了。弗洛姆受人本主义人性论的影响,认为人在进化中意识越来越发达的情况下,离自然这个原初的链接纽带却愈加遥远。由于这样的生存矛盾,人的精神在深层次是孤独而恐惧的。人源于自然又要超越自然的矛盾产生了五种精神需求,但主要是归属和超越的需求。社会制度设制和现实社会关系是人之为社会人解决此矛盾的现实条件,但在西方社会这些人性的精神需求被异化而满足。精神领域被异化主要表现在四个方面:首先是总体的思想意识文化的虚假性、抽象性、趋同性、享有性;其次是人渴望和追索自由,但却获得了>消极的自由<或逃避自由,政治民主也充满了虚假泡沫;再次是精神心理异化,主要表现为>非创造性/非生产性<的病态社会性格加剧了人心理的扭曲,典型的>市场交换型<社会性格的>合理化<误导人以出卖自己人格为>成功<;最后是人的情爱关系的异化,现代西方社会人的种种社会关系都成为利益交换关系,人的心灵归属彻底沦为买卖关系。弗洛姆既重视人理性思维能力,又重视人的感性情感能力,倡导发挥人的自发性和创造性,关注人的自我完善,还强调>健全的社会<是人的完整、自由、全面发展的条件。那么人的困境的救治之道就在于个体在健全社会里发挥人作为完整的人所具有的自发创造性,形成>创造性/生产性<的社会性格,建立富有爱的社会关系和通过创造性活动实现自我和超越自我。同时从计划经济、集体管理,积极自由、全民民主,艺术生存、宗教精神的多个角度全方位构建>健全的社会<,为个体的自我实现和社会的整体和谐发展提供条件。弗洛姆思想为我们观察当代世界和人类命运提供了一个不同视角,也是对马克思社会批判理论的重要发展,应该成为我国现时代哲学社会理论建设的重要思想资源。当然,弗洛姆理论自身的缺陷和局限性也是显而易见的,本文正是以一种批判性研究的立场,希望发掘其理论的思想精华,借鉴其有价值的思想观念。中国社会在物质生活丰富之后,应更关注人的精神性生存,抛却重占有的生存方式;弘扬人性化文化,冷静对待西方消费文化;关注人的心理精神状态,培养健全的心理人格;加强文化艺术修养,发挥>信仰<的积极作用。在这个意义上,弗洛姆的社会心理学及社会批判理论可以在当代中国找到新的生长点。
  • In the increasingly development process of China’s social modernization, Chinese people have to inevitably confront problems caused by the modernization. In particular, it has been an important spotlight of the time spirit that powerful logic of >capital< dominates and influences all aspects of social life, especially the distortions of the individual existence quality. People are seeking high-quality material life assiduously. But they are lost in the fog of false consumptions. The fear of unmet material desire and the lack of efficient support of spiritual world make people confused. In the aspect of pathological diagnosis of modern society, Erich Fromm’s social psychology, which is unique, can be the valuable ideological resource of the construction of China’s modernity theory. Erich Fromm (1900 – 1980) was praised as the most influential and popular psychiatrist in America. At the same time, he also was the principal exponent of the genre of Freudianism Marxism. As a Marxist, who had a background of psychoanalysis, he combined Marx’s >alienation< theory, human thought and the idea of human liberation with Freud’s psychoanalysis theory, humanistic philosophy and social psychological analysis from a very unique perspective. He made an analysis of human spiritual region. And he tried to respond to the perfect development of mental life of human in20th century. Fromm came into Chinese cultural perspective in the1980s. In my opinion, a lot of deepening research on Fromm can be done in combination with today’s Chinese society. - Fromm, who had a background of religion and psychoanalysis, was influenced by critical theory of society of Frankfurt School. He formed his own unique theoretical background by extracting the nourishment of Marx’s thought. As an influential master, Fromm’s thoughts have rationality and epochal character. In this paper, a review about Fromm’s thoughts is given in the aspect of spiritual alienation. And we find the actuality of Fromm’s thoughts. The alienation is an old topic. From >absolute Spirit< alienation of Hegel to the criticism of religion’s >the other side of the world< of Feuerbach, and to the criticism of the alienation of labor in the real world of Marx, the alienation has evolved to a tool of criticizing realism. On this basis, Fromm thought that the most important problem in 20th century is that >human is dead<. The spirit is missing. The alienation had been a common problem of various sectors of the whole society. And the mental region of human had been alienated completely by material consumerism and industrialization of spirit. - Under the influence of the humanism theory of human nature, Fromm believed that people are more and more developed in the evolution of consciousness. But they are farther and farther away from the original natural link ties. Due to the contradictions of the survival, human spirit is loneliness and fear in the deep. The contraction that human being arise from the natural but surpass the natural produces five kinds of spiritual needs, but the main are the demands of adscription and surpassing. The development of social system and the reality of social relations are realistic conditions which people, as social people, use to resolve this contradiction. But alienation can meet the demand of these human spirit needs in the capitalist society. The alienation of this spiritual realm mainly manifest in four aspects: first is the false, the abstraction, the homoplasy and the enjoyment of the overall ideology culture; second is that people is eager to pursue freedom, but they receive >negative freedom< or >escape from freedom<. Political democracy is full of bubble of false; third is the psychological alienation. The main performance is that the pathological social character of the >non-creative / unproductive< exacerbates the psychological distortions, the >rationalization< of the social character which is the typical >market exchange-type< mislead people to sell their own personality as >successful<; last is that the alienation of the people love relationship. All the social relationship in the modern society becomes an exchange of interests; the adscription of human mind is completely reduced to the buyer-seller relationship. - Fromm emphasize on not only rational thinking ability but also person’s perceptual emotional competence. He advocates that people should play their spontaneity and creativity and concern about themselves’ self-improvement. He also stresses that >healthy society< is the condition under which people can have a complete, free, all-round development. Then the road of treatment of the human predicament is that an individual play as a whole person who has spontaneous creativity in a sound society. Which can help people form >creative/productive< social character, develop the rich love social relations and self-realization realize and surpass themselves through creative activities. Simultaneously people build a healthy society through multiple angles from a planned economy, collective management, positive freedom, universal democracy, the art of survival, and the religious spirit in all directions, to provide the conditions for individual self-realization and the harmonious development of the whole society. - The ideas of Fromm has provide us a different perspective to observe the contemporary world and the destiny of mankind, and the ideas is also the important development of Marxist theory of social criticism, which should become an important ideological resources of the present construction of our philosophy and social theory. Of course, it is obvious that the ideas of Fromm have lots of shortcomings and limitations. Standing on a critical position, this thesis hopes to explore the ideological essence of the theory and learn valuable ideas. After developing rich material life, the Chinese community should be more concerned about the survival of the state of human spirit instead of the way of life of concerning occupies. It also should promote the human culture, treat the Western consumer culture calmly, concern about the psychological state of mind of the people, cultivate a sound psychology personality, and strengthen cultural and artistic accomplishment, to play a positive role of faith. In this sense, Fromm’s social psychology and social critical theory can find a new growth point in contemporary China.

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Metadaten
Author:Min Du
Document Type:Dissertations
Language:Chinese
Year of first Publication:2013
Release Date:2015/12/14
Format:no copy existent / keine Kopie vorhanden
IdNo:Du_Min_2013
Writings about Erich Fromm (Secondary Literature):Dissertations / Dissertationen
Erich Fromm's Library and Erich Fromm Archive:Dissertations / Dissertationen
Licence (German):
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