A Study on Nineteen Eighty-Four in Light of the Theory of Alienation of Affection [情感异化理论观照下的《一九八四》], Master thesis, English Language and Literature, Henan University, Kaifeng, Henan, China 2012 [Application of Fromm's theories to art].

  • 乔治•奥威尔因其讽刺辛辣、思想深刻的政治寓言类小说而独树一帜。鉴于对文学与政治所作出的巨大贡献,他被称为>一代人的冷峻良知<。1950年出版的《一九八四》是奥威尔最杰出的代表作之一,一经出版便成为当时社会各界热议的焦点,与英国赫胥黎的《美丽新世界》(1932)以及俄国扎米亚京的《我们》(1920)并称为>反乌托邦三部曲<,是一部使奥威尔蜚声国际的巅峰之作。《一九八四》是政治小说文学的经典代表作,国内外众多学者及文学评论家已从政治学、语言学、存在主义、女性主义等多个不同角度评析了这部小说。在这部政治寓言中,作者有意为世人展现了一个逼真的未来极权主义世界。毫无疑问,身处这个人性与自由均缺失的反常环境中,人的任何追寻与抗争注定都会以失败告终。然而,以前的研究仅描述了在极权环境下人们的各种异常行为,并未对诸般异常状态进行归类,也未指出导致这些异常现象的根本原因和形成过程,以及人类自我救赎的可能性和出路。>新弗洛伊德主义<精神分析心理学派最重要的理论家、法兰克福学派的重要成员之一的德国精神病学家埃利希•弗洛姆的人本主义心理分析学中的>情感异化<理论恰恰为这一研究提供了理论支持。本文即是藉情感异化理论梳理、归类小说《一九八四》中人性异化的形式,探究其成因,并在一定程度上指出防止异化的可能的途径。全文共五个部分,即引言、三章正文和结论。引言介绍了奥威尔的文学成就和小说《一九八四》以及国内外对该作品的研究和评论,进而点明本文的研究意义:以弗洛姆的情感异化理论为观察视角,分析大洋国专制社会中其社会成员的各种病态表现,揭示引发这类异化现象的根本原因,并着力探寻摆脱悲剧的途径。第一章是本文的理论基础,详细阐述了弗洛姆的情感异化理论。弗洛姆终身致力于将马克思主义的社会分析与弗洛伊德的心理分析相结合,创造了>人本主义心理分析学<。在此基础上,发展出情感异化理论。该理论指出,人性的缺失或实现与所处的社会的状态密不可分。不健全的社会使人们无法进行>爱和创造性的工作<,失去了与世界建立积极联系的能力,造成个人逃避自由的心理机制,最后导致人们情感的异化。情感异化也是暴力、战争等一切罪恶产生的根源。第二章梳理《一九八四》中情感异化的形式。弗洛姆认为,情感异化的形式存在以下三种:>恋死<,一种对死亡、毁灭的爱;>恶性自恋<,无视客观的过度的自我膨胀;>共生性乱伦<,一种恋母情结的极端形式,渴望完全地失去自我。第一节列举了其各阶层社会成员带有>恋死<倾向的行为表现;第二节描绘了大洋国中党的>恶性自恋<的疯狂状态;第三节揭示了党和反抗者之间存在着的>共生性乱伦<关系。三种形式纠结在一起,便衍生出>社会衰亡症<,这是大洋国中一切恶产生的源头。第三章探究《一九八四》中情感异化的原因。弗洛姆认为,如果情感一方面处于>生存两歧<的挤压中,一方面又遭遇>社会过滤器<的限制,自然难成为其自身,异化是必然结局。小说里,人们为摆脱成长中的孤独感而自动选择逃避自由。同时,在极端压抑的大洋国社会中,党通过>新话<、>双重思想<和>思想罪<三种过滤手段,按照极权意志发挥着>社会过滤器<对社会意识的限制作用。故此,人们无法拥有正常的意识,不具备摆脱情感异化的能力。基于以上分析和讨论,结论部分指出:人类的生存和发展并不孤立,而是与其所处的社会环境息息相关,整个社会的文化、经济、政治等各方面的发展会对个人情感的塑造产生决定性影响。健全的社会可以为>爱和创造性的工作<的实现提供前提,为个体摆脱孤独、避免情感异化创造可能。这是抑制现实中各种罪恶行为、避免人性悲剧发生的关键所在,即有效防止个体及社会被异化的途径。推而广之,实际上,解析《一九八四》中人在病态社会中的行为和精神状态,探寻人的内在发展和追求,对当今社会也具有一定的现实意义。
  • With pungent satire and profound thought George Orwell has developed his political allegory novels with a unique style In view of his great contributions to literature and politics, he is known as the cold conscience of a generation. >Nineteen Eighty-Four< is one of the most outstanding works. Once published in1950, it became the focus of a heated discussion among all the sectors of society. Together with Brave New World (1932) by British writer Huxley and by Russian writer Zamyatin (1920), they are known as >Trilogy of Anti-utopian<. Nineteen Eighty-Four is at the peak of Orwell's career and makes him world-renowned. Being a masterpiece of political fiction literature, Nineteen Eighty-Four has been studied by many scholars as well as literary critics at home and abroad from different perspectives, such as political science, linguistics, existentialism, feminism, and so on. In this political allegory, the author consciously displays a vivid future totalitarian world. It is undoubtedly that in the environment, lacking both humanity and freedom, any attempts to resist or pursue humanity is doomed to fail. However, the previous studies only describe the various abnormal behavior of the people in the totalitarian environment without sorting out these abnormal states, underlying the causes of these anomalies, nor applying any possibility or way of humans' self-salvation. As the most important theorist of >New Freudianism< of the school of psychoanalytic psychology and an important member of the Frankfurt School, German psychiatrist Erich Fromm precisely provides a theoretical support for the unachieved study with the theory of >alienation of affection< of humanistic psychoanalysis. This paper tries to study the alienation of humanity in Nineteen Eighty-Four with the theory of alienation of affection. By probing the reasons of alienation of affection, the thesis also tries to find a possible and proper way out for the alienation of affection. The article consists of five parts, Introduction, three main body chapters, and Conclusion. Introduction mainly introduces Orwell's literary achievements and Nineteen Eighty-Four as well as the studies and comments at home and abroad concerned, and then points out: the significance of the paper is to analyze various morbid behavior displayed by the members in the authoritarian society of Oceania, reveal the root causes of the alienated phenomenon, and focus on exploring ways to escape from such a tragedy from the perspective of the theory of alienation of affection.– Chapter One is the theoretical basis, in which a detailed elaboration of Fromm's theory of alienation of affection is presented. Fromm devotes his whole life to the combination of Marxist social analysis and Freudian psychological analysis, and creates his own theory of >Humanistic Psychoanalysis<. It is on this foundation that his theory of alienation of affection is developed. This theory indicates that humanity is inseparable from the state of society. An unhealthy society causes people to be incapable of carrying out >love and creative work<, losing the ability to establish a positive contact with the world, resulting in a personal psychological mechanism of >escaping from freedom<, and in the end, giving rise to the alienation of affection. Alienation of affection is also the source of every kind of evil, such as violence and war.– Chapter Two analyzes the embodiment of alienation of affection in Nineteen Eighty-Four. Fromm argues that alienation of affection takes on three forms. >Love of Death< is an emotion for death and destruction, >Malignant Narcissism< means an excessive self-enhancement of ignoring the objective, while >Incestuous Symbiosis< represents an extreme form of Oedipus complex with a desire for losing self completely. Section One enumerates on how the >Love of Death< is displayed in the actions of the members of every stratum of the society; Section Two portrays the frantic state of >Malignant Narcissism< of the Party in Oceania; Section Three reveals a relationship of >Incestuous Symbiosis< existing between the Party and the rebels. The combination of the three will produce >Syndrome of Decay<, which is the root of all the evils in Oceania.– Chapter Three investigates the causes of alienation of affection in Nineteen Eighty-Four. Fromm believes that if emotion lies in the extrusion of >Dichotomy of Survival< on one hand, and limited by >social filter< on the other hand, man can hardly become his own, and alienation is the inevitable outcome. In Oceania, with an extreme repression, the Party uses three means of filtering, >Newspeak<, >Doublethink<, and >Thought crime<, according to their totalitarian will. These act as a social filter to restrict the social consciousness. Therefore, people are not able to possess a normal sense and will surely lose the capacity of escaping from alienation of affection.– Based on the above analysis and discussion, the thesis draws a conclusion. Human's survival and development are not isolated, but rather closely related to their social environment. The cultural, economic, political and other developments of the whole society have a decisive impact on shaping individuals' affection. A healthy society can provide a prerequisite for people to pursue >love and creative work<, creating possibilities for individuals to escape from loneliness and alienation of affection; this is the crucial factor in inhibiting the criminal activities in reality and avoiding the tragedy of humanity. Last but not the least, in fact, the analysis of the people's behavior and mental state in a morbid society of Nineteen Eighty-Four and the exploration of its inherent development and pursuit also have some practical significance to the present society.

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Metadaten
Author:Jinglin Zhang
Document Type:Dissertations
Language:Chinese
Year of first Publication:2012
Release Date:2014/01/28
Format:no copy existent / keine Kopie vorhanden
IdNo:Zhang_Jinglin_2012
Writings about Erich Fromm (Secondary Literature):Dissertations / Dissertationen
Erich Fromm's Library and Erich Fromm Archive:Dissertations / Dissertationen
Licence (German):
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