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A Comparative Study of the Essential Thoughts between Marx and Fromm [马克思与弗洛姆人的本质思想比较研究], Master thesis, Foreign Marxism Research, Guizhou University of Finance and Economics, Guiyang, Guizhou, China 2017.

  • 人的本质问题一直是哲学家所关注的焦点问题之一。马克思和弗洛姆在不同的历史条件下,对人的本质问题进行了各具特色的探讨,得出了具有一定的联系但又存在明显差异的结论。理解这些联系和差异,有助于我们更为具体的理解马克思的人学思想,更好的贯彻与落实以人为本的科学发展观。马克思对人的本质的理解主要体现在人的类本质是>自由的有意识的活动<、人的本质在其现实性上是>一切社会关系的总和<以及>人的本质是人的真正共同体<等几个命题中。其中,以人的物质生产活动为主要内容的实践活动即>自由的有意识的活动<是人的本质得以形成的基础,在实践的基础之上形成的人与人之间的社会联系以及在这些联系的基础之上而形成的共同体则是人的本质的现实存在形式。但在马克思看来,由于受到生产力水平的限制,在资本主义私有制中,人们不仅不会把人与人之间的社会联系和他们置身于其中的社会看作他们的生命须臾不可离开的本质,而是把自己理解孤立的个人,把各种各样的社会联系看作时刻需要逃离的外在束缚。面对人的本质的这种普遍异化,只有通过生产力的发展和生产关系的根本转变,才能最终扬弃。而这一切都只有通过无产阶级革命和共产主义制度的建立,才有可能得到实现。作为一名弗洛伊德的马克思主义者,弗洛姆的人学思想受到了弗洛伊德、马克思以及犹太教和佛教等各种思想的影响。在他看来,对人的本质的理解必须从他们生来就具有的同样的潜能这一角度着手,而劳动则是实现这些潜能的具体途径。但在资本主义私有制条件下,人们在实现其潜能的过程中,无法体会到现实生活中存在的各种丰富的道德与爱,从而会在心理上产生出深刻的孤独感。人与人之间的这些联系的疏离就人的本质的异化。要扬弃人的本质的异化,就必须在超越以私有财产的占有为目的的公有制社会中,重建人与人之间爱的关系。马克思的人学思想尤其是其劳动观点,对弗洛姆的人学思想有着明显的影响。但两者也存在明显的区别。马克思把劳动看作人的本质得以产生的基础,弗洛姆则把劳动看作人的本质得以实现途径;马克思认为异化就是劳动异化,弗洛姆则把异化理解人的一种心理体验;马克思认为异化的扬弃只有通过生产力的发展和无产阶级革命才能实现,弗洛姆则把异化的扬弃寄希望于心理治疗的途径。
  • The question of human nature has always been one of the focal points which philosopher concern about. Under different historical conditions, Marx and Fromm have different explorations of human nature and draw the conclusion, which have a certain connection but there are significant differences. Understanding these connections and differences will help us to understand Marx’s humanistic thinking more specifically and better implement the people-oriented concept of scientific development. Marx’s understanding of human nature is mainly reflected in the following aspects: the nature of human beings is >free conscious activity<, >the essence of man is the sum of all social relations<, >the essence of man is the true community of man<. Practical activities which are based on human material production activities as the main content, that is to say, >free conscious activity< is the basis for the formation of human nature, the social connection between people is formed on the basis of practice, the reality of the existence of human form is community which is formed on the basis of these links. But in Marx’s view, due to the level of productivity constraints, in the capitalist private system, people do not regard social connections and society as the essence of their life can not be left, they understand themselves as isolated individuals, and regard the various social connections as external constraints that need to be fled. This universal alienation in the face of human nature can only be discarded through the development of productive forces and the fundamental transformation of the relations of production. And all this can only be achieved through the proletarian revolution and the establishment of the communist system.– Fromm as a Freudian Marxist, his humanistic thought was influenced by various ideas such as Freud, Marx, and Judaism and Buddhism. In his opinion, the understanding of the nature of man must precede from this point of view the same potential that they are born, but labor is the concrete way to realize these potentials. However, under the condition of capitalist private ownership, people can realize the richness of morality and love in real life in the process of realizing their potential, which will produce a profound sense of loneliness. The alienation of these connections between people is alienation of human nature. To avoid the alienation of human nature, it is necessary to rebuild the relationship between people in the public society beyond the possession of private property.– Marx’s human thought, especially its labor point of view, has a clear influence on Fromm’s human thought. But Marx’s anthropological thought and Fromm’s anthropological thought have a clear distinction. Marx regards labor as the basis for the essence of man, and Fromm is regarded labor as a way to realize the essence of man; Marx argues that alienation is labor alienation, and Fromm understands alienation as a psychological experience; Marx argues that the abandonment of alienation can only be achieved through the development of productive forces and the proletarian revolution, and that Fromm is the way to dissipate alienation in the way of psychotherapy. [Author’s translation]

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Metadaten
Author:Xinyuan Wang
Document Type:Dissertations
Language:Chinese
Year of first Publication:2017
Release Date:2019/03/04
Format:no download and copy possible
IdNo:Wang_Xinyuan_2017
Writings about Erich Fromm (Secondary Literature):Dissertations / Dissertationen
Erich Fromm's Library and Erich Fromm Archive:Dissertations / Dissertationen
Licence (German):
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