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A Comparative Study of Fromm and Marx's View of Human Nature [弗洛姆与马克思人性观之比较研究], Master thesis, Marxist Philosophy, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai, China 2018.

  • 人性是包含人区别于动物的各种特性或属性的动态系统,在人性系统内部的各种特性或属性相互作用、相互联系,是社会属性和自然属性的统一,是本质属性和非本质属性的统一。人性观即是对人性的总的观点和基本看法。人性观在弗洛姆和马克思的理论中均占有十分重要的位置。弗洛姆的人性观是其整个理论体系的基石,而马克思的人性观也是贯穿其历史唯物主义的逻辑线索。本文拟对弗洛姆与马克思的人性观进行比较分析,弗洛姆对马克思理论的继承性使两者的人性观具有某些共同的基础,而弗洛姆对马克思理论的综合又使两者在人性问题上存在根本分歧。从>人性<这一核心问题入手,在对弗洛姆与马克思人性理论的整体把握的基础上,本文较为全面地阐明了两者人性理论的相通性与差异性,同时也较为深刻地认识了弗洛姆人性观的理论价值与局限,以及马克思人性观的科学性。本文的研究主要分为四个部分:第一部分探讨了弗洛姆人性观的理论基础,包括弗洛姆人性观产生的现实土壤和思想来源,在此基础上,进一步分析了弗洛姆对马克思人性观的综合,明确本文进行比较的基础;第二部分阐述了弗洛姆对马克思人性观的继承,包括以现实的人为出发点,在社会历史进程中考察人性,批判资本主义社会中人性的异化。第三部分是本文的重点部分,对弗洛姆与马克思人性观的分歧进行了具体分析,主要从人的本质规定、人的发展路径、人的异化根源以及人性解放路径四个方面展开论述。研究发现:弗洛姆将人看作某种有待实现的固定潜能,人性发展史也就是人通过劳动实现自身潜能的历史,人的异化自人诞生起就存在,是由人的潜能要求得到实现,但人的现实处境却阻碍人的潜能实现的矛盾造成,也即人的本质与存在的矛盾造成。而人的潜能的实现就在于通过心理革命和社会改革创造一个符合人性的环境。与之不同,马克思从现实的人的物质生产实践活动出发,指出人类的历史也即人在生产劳动基础上不断摆脱纯粹动物的需要,生成人的需要的过程。人的活动成为异己的存在从分工产生的私有制开始,在资本主义社会,这种异己状态达到顶峰。因而人的解放就在于扬弃资本主义私有制,进行共产主义运动。第四部分在前文的基础上,对弗洛姆与马克思的人性观进行了评析。本文认为,弗洛姆的人性观在一定程度上丰富了对人内心的探讨,具有重要的启示价值,但仍具有一定的抽象色彩。而马克思的人性观是科学的人性观,这种科学性体现在对劳动在人性生成中的作用的科学把握、对现实人性存在于社会关系中的科学把握以及对人的发展和社会发展是在劳动实践基础上的统一的科学把握。只有正确地理解人性,才能找到正确的方法来解决人的生存危机,在建设社会主义和谐社会中贯穿真正人的尺度。
  • Humanity is a dynamic system that contains all kinds of characteristics or attributes of human beings, which are different from animals. All kinds of characteristics or attributes in the system are interactional. It’s the unity of social and natural attributes, and the essential and non-essential attributes. The theory of humanity is the general opinion and basic attitudes of humanity. It’s occupies a very important position in the theory of Fromm and Marx. Fromm’s theory of humanity is the cornerstone of his whole theoretical system. And Marx’s theory of humanity is also a logical clue that runs through his historical materialism. In this thesis, I focus my research on the comparison of Fromm and Marx’s theory of humanity. Fromm inherited Marx’s theory, which made their views of humanity have some common basis. On the other hand, Fromm integrated Marx’s theory, which made their views different fundamentally. This paper comprehensively expounds the similarities and differences between Fromm and Marx’s theory of humanity by taking humanity as the core concept and having a good grasp of their theory. At the same time, I also deeply understand the theoretical value and limitations of Fromm’s theory of humanity, and the scientificalness of Marx’s theory of humanity. There are four chapters in the thesis. In the first chapter, I discussed the theoretical basis of Fromm’s theory of humanity, including the objective reality and the source of it. On this basis, I further analyzed how Fromm combined Marx’s theory of humanity with Freud’s Psychoanalysis, which defined the comparison basis for the full research. In the second chapter, I described the common basis of Fromm and Marx’s theory of humanity, including proceeding from >practical person<, observing and studying humanity in the historical process of the social and criticizing the alienation of humanity in the capitalist society. The third chapter is the key part of this thesis. I made a concrete analysis of the differences between Fromm and Marx’s theory of humanity, mainly from the four aspects of the stipulation of human nature, the path of human development, the root of human alienation and the path of human liberation. I found that Fromm regarded man as a certain fixed potential to be realized. The history of human development is the history of human beings’ realization of their own potential through labor. The alienation of human has existed since the birth of them, which is caused by the contradiction between the human potential needs to be realized and the real situation of human hinders the realization of human potential. In other words, it’s caused by the contradiction between human nature and existence. The realization of human potential lies in creating a human environment through psychological revolution and social reform. Instead, Marx proceeded from realistic practice activity of person and pointed out that human history is a process of constantly getting rid of the needs of pure animals and generating human needs on the basis of productive labor. Human activities became alien, starting from the private ownership produced by the division of labor. In capitalist society, this state of alienation reached its peak. Therefore, the liberation of human beings lies in the abandonment of capitalist private ownership and the movement of communism. In the fourth part, I evaluated the Fromm and Marx’s theory of humanity on the basis of the previous paper. This thesis holds that Fromm’s theory of humanity enriches the exploration of human inner heart to some extent, which has important inspiration value. But it is still an abstract theory of humanity. And Marx’s theory of humanity is scientific. The scientificalness of Marx’s view of humanity lies in grasping the role of labor in the generation of humanity scientifically, grasping the humanity in social relations scientifically and grasping that the development of human beings and the development of society are the unity on the basis of labor practice scientifically. Only by correctly understanding humanity can we find the right way to solve the crisis of human existence and penetrate the real human dimension in the construction of a harmonious socialist society. [Automatic translation]

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Metadaten
Author:Lei Sheng
Document Type:Dissertations
Language:Chinese
Year of first Publication:2018
Release Date:2019/03/04
Format:no download and copy possible
IdNo:Sheng_Lei_2018
Writings about Erich Fromm (Secondary Literature):Dissertations / Dissertationen
Erich Fromm's Library and Erich Fromm Archive:Dissertations / Dissertationen
Licence (German):
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