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An Analysis of Fromm's Concept of Freedom [弗洛姆的自由观探析], Master thesis, Foreign Philosophy, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, Shandong, China 2007.

  • 自古以来,>自由<就是人们孜孜不倦探索的话题,也是人们努力要实现的目标。然而,在>自由<这个问题上历来就是众说纷纭,各抒己见。人们大都认为只要消除掉外在的束缚就可以获得自由,但弗洛姆却持有不同的看法,提出双重自由观并论述通向真正自由的道路,具有重要的理论意义和现实意义。本文主体共分四个部分:第一部分,阐述弗洛姆自由思想提出的社会理论背景、社会现实背景及其特殊的生活经历对自由思想的影响。弗洛姆生活的年代也就是上个世纪的前八十年,是各种社会矛盾尖锐的时期,两次世界大战、经济危机、核武器等给人们带来巨大的灾难,也成了生活在其中的弗洛姆的>社会观察室<,再加上自己独特的家庭环境和个人经历就形成了弗洛姆自由思想的现实基础。弗洛伊德的精神分析法,马克思的历史唯物主义和异化理论,东方的禅宗思想都对弗洛姆自由思想的形成产生过重大影响。第二部分,在多重关系中对弗洛姆自由观进行横向分析论述。首先对弗洛姆>自由<的内涵作了简单的说明:>自由<具有双重的含义——积极自由和消极自由。积极自由就是>主动的、自愿的做……的感觉<,在人人平等的基础上尊重个性的发展,在个人自我之上没有更高的权力,自我个性的实现是唯一的目的和最高的目标。消极的自由就是指>摆脱……的束缚而获得的感觉<,是人挣脱了外界的障碍、束缚后的无拘无束、自由自在。在逻辑上积极自由包含消极自由,消极自由则不含积极自由的意思。接下来,详细分析自由和异化、自由和自发性活动、自由和民主的关系。说明了全体异化的人们所获得的消极自由无法让内心安宁,也不能达到积极的自由,只有通过自发性的活动塑造健全的人,才可能寻得积极自由。第三部分,阐述弗洛姆在社会发展和人的心路历程中纵向感悟自由的思想。首先,按照社会发展的顺序,分析在各个时代的人们追求自由的情况和对自由的态度。特别说明了在现代社会人们既追求自由又逃避自由的矛盾心理。接下来,按照个人年龄的增长,说明人们心理各阶段的自由特点。通过社会和人心理各个不同阶段对自由的不同反应说明:自由是人存在的本质,自由伴随着人类的存在而存在,一部人类发展史也是一部人类追求自由的历史,自由随着个体化程度的不同而不同,这个意义上都是消极的自由,消极自由只能让人们感到焦虑、孤独,从而逃避自由。为了消除这种状况,弗洛姆提出一系列的社会改革措施以建立健全的社会。这一部分和第二部分的内容结合起来的思想就是:健全的人在健全的社会里生活才能通达积极自由,使人性充分的展现。第四部分,旨在依据>去其糟粕,取其精华<的原则试图对弗洛姆的自由思想做出恰当的评价。弗洛姆的双重自由观为人们追求自由提供了新的思路;逃避自由的心理分析加深了对现代社会和我国现代建设的理解;自由与自发性活动的关系的论述对现代社会有重要的意义;心理和社会相结合的分析为研究历史事件和分析个人情况提供了一个值得借鉴的方法;提出的社会改革的具体措施对于正在阔步前进的中国有一些启发意义。同时,由于历史和理论的限制,弗洛姆的自由观不可避免的带有空想性,没能找到一条真正可以到达自由的道路。文章最后对弗洛姆自由观的局限性作了概括性评述。
  • Freedom is the theme that people have been trying to search after and the object that people have been trying to obtain in old times. However, people have different opinions of freedom. People mainly think that human can obtain the freedom as soon as the external chains vanish, but Erich Fromm had different ideas. He thought there were dual freedom in the world and found a way to the freedom. His thought has important theoretical and realistic meanings. This thesis is mainly composed of four parts as following.– First part aims at introducing social background and ideological origins which Erich Fromm’s freedom ideology produced, and his special experience that affected his freedom ideology. The days that Fromm lived in was former 80 years of last century, in which various social contradictions were sharp .Two times world war, economic crisis and nuclear weapon brought people huge disaster and became large social laboratory including his special experience. All these things formed realistic basis of his freedom ideology. Freud’s psychoanalysis theory, Marx’s historical materialism theory and alienation theory, Zen Buddhism thought exerted great influence to forming Fromm’s freedom ideology.– Fromm’s freedom ideology is discussed in detail in second part. Firstly, the meaning of Fromm’s freedom is simply explained. His freedom has dual meanings: one is active freedom and the other is passive freedom. Active Freedom is a feeling that people want to do and volunteer to do something, passive freedom is a feeling that people get rid of external chains. Logically active freedom includes passive freedom but passive freedom doesn’t include active freedom. Next, the essay carefully analyzes the relation of freedom and alienation, freedom and spontaneous action, freedom and democracy. The passive freedom that all people attain cannot make the soul peace either can get the active freedom. Only the sound people who do things spontaneously can get active freedom.– The aim of third part is mainly to feel and think freedom. Firstly, according to of the turn of the development of society analysis the attitude and situation, that people chase the freedom. Especially, people in modern society has contradictive thought that people chase freedom and are afraid of attaining it. Next, according to grow of person, state the character of freedom in period of psychology. Different period of society and psychology, people have different attitude on freedom. This suggests freedom is existent essence of human. Freedom exists accompanying human existence. The human development history is also the history that people chase freedom. Freedom is different according to different individuation. All in this meaning is passive freedom. Passive freedom only can make people feel lonely and anxiety and escape from freedom. To eliminate this situation, Fromm gave serial social reform measures to build a sound society. Connection this part with second part is that sound people who live in sound society can get the active freedom and reveal humanity.– The fourth part aims at evaluating Fromm’s freedom ideology properly, according to the rule that getting rid of the bad and absorbing the good. Fromm’s dual freedom ideology provides people with new thread that chase freedom. Psychoanalysis of escaping from freedom deepens the understanding of modern society and our national modern construction. The relationship between freedom and spontaneous action has an important meaning. Analysis of psychology and society provides a worthy method for studying history and analysis of individual. Concrete measures on social reform that Fromm put forward have some suggestive meanings for fast developing China. Meanwhile, because of the limit of history and theory, Fromm’s freedom ideology is inevitably idealistic. He could not find a real path leading to freedom. The text gives the recapitulative comment at last.

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Metadaten
Author:Cunhua Yang
Document Type:Dissertations
Language:Chinese
Year of first Publication:2007
Release Date:2014/01/28
Format:no copy existent / keine Kopie vorhanden
IdNo:Yang_Chunhua_2007
Writings about Erich Fromm (Secondary Literature):Dissertations / Dissertationen
Erich Fromm's Library and Erich Fromm Archive:Dissertations / Dissertationen
Licence (German):
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