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An Observer for pipeline flow with hydrogen blending in gas networks: exponential synchronization
(2024)
We consider a state estimation problem for gas flows in pipeline networks where hydrogen is blended into the natural gas. The flow is modeled by the quasi-linear isothermal Euler equations coupled to an advection equation on a graph. The flow through the vertices where the pipes are connected is governed by algebraic node conditions. The state is approximated by an observer system that uses nodal measurements. We prove that the state of the observer system converges to the original system state exponentially fast in the L2-norm if the measurements are exact. If measurement errors are present we show that the observer state approximates the original system state up to an error that is proportional to the maximal measurement error. The proof of the synchronization result uses Lyapunov functions with exponential weights.
In the operation of pipeline networks, compressors play a crucial role in ensuring the network’s functionality for various scenarios. In this contribution we address the important question of finding the optimal location of the compressors. This problem is of a novel structure, since it is related
with the gas dynamics that governs the network flow. That results in non-convex mixed integer stochastic optimization problems with probabilistic constraints.
Using a steady state model for the gas flow in pipeline networks including compressor control and uncertain loads given by certain probability distributions, the problem of finding the optimal location for the
control on the network, s.t. the control cost is minimal and the gas pressure stays within given bounds, is considered.
In the deterministic setting, explicit bounds for the pipe length and the inlet pressure, s.t. a unique optimal compressor location with minimal control cost exists, are presented. In the probabilistic setting,
an existence result for the optimal compressor location is presented and the uniqueness of the solution is discussed depending on the probability distribution. For Gaussian distributed loads a uniqueness result
for the optimal compressor location is presented.
Further the problem of finding the optimal compressor locations on networks including the number of compressor stations as variable is considered. Results for the existence of optimal locations on a graph in
both, the deterministic and the probabilistic setting, are presented and the uniqueness of the solutions is discussed depending on probability distributions and graph topology. The paper concludes with an illustrative example demonstrating that the compressor locations determined using a steady state approach are also admissible in transient settings.
On the Convergence of Optimization Problems with Kernel Density Estimated Probabilistic Constraints
(2024)
Uncertainty plays a significant role in applied mathematics and probabilistic constraints are widely used to model uncertainty in various fields, even if probabilistic constraints often demand computational challenges. Kernel density estimation (KDE) provides a data-driven approach for properly estimating probability density functions and efficiently evaluate corresponding probabilities.
In this paper, we investigate optimization problems with probabilistic constraints, where the probabilities are approximated using a KDE approach. We establish sufficient conditions under which the solution of the KDE approximated optimization problem converges to the solution of the original problem as the sample size goes to infinity.
The main results of this paper include three theorems: (1) For sufficiently large sample sizes, the solution of the original problem is also a solution of the approximated problem, if the probabilistic constraint is passive; (2) The limit of a convergent sequence of solutions of the approximated problems is a solution of the original problem, if the KDE uniformly converges; (3) We provide sufficient conditions for the existence of a convergent sequence of solutions of the approximated problems.
The optimal control problems for the wave equation are considered on networks. The turnpike property is shown for the state equation, the adjoint state equation as well as the optimal cost. The shape and topology optimization is performed for the network with the shape functional given by the optimality system of the control problem. The set of admissible shapes for the network is compact in finite dimensions, thus the use of turnpike property is straightforward. The topology optimization is analysed for an example of nucleation of a small cycle at the internal node of network. The topological derivative of the cost is introduced and evaluated in the framework of domain decomposition technique. Numerical examples are provided.
In this paper we analyze the turnpike phenomenon for optimal boundary control problems with a linear transport equation with source term. The convex objective function depends on
the boundary traces of the transport equation and is strictly convex with respect to the boundary control. We show an integral turnpike result for an optimal Dirichlet boundary control problem in the sense that if the time horizon goes to infinity, then the dynamic optimal control converges to
the corresponding steady state optimal control.
The novelty of this work is two-sided. On the one hand, even if turnpike results for this kind of optimal boundary control problem already exist, we present a new direct proof without using adjoint calculus that leads to sharper estimates. On the other hand we consider uncertainty in
the initial data and/or in the source term. We show that the integral turnpike result also holds considering uncertainty. Throughout the paper we use numerical examples to illustrate the results.
The dynamical, boundary optimal control problems
on networks are considered. The domain of definition for the distributed parameter system is given by a graph G. The optimal cost function for control problem is further optimized with respect to the shape and topology of the graph Ω. The small cycle is introduced and the topological derivative of the cost with respect to the size of the cycle is determined. In this way, the singular perturbations of the graph can be analyzed in order to change the topology Ω. The topological derivative method in shape and topology optimization is a new tool which can be used to minimize the shape functionals under the Partial Differential
Equations (PDEs) constraints. The topological derivative is used as well for solution of optimum design problems for graphs. In optimal control problems the topological derivative is used for
optimum design of the domain of integration of the state equation. As an example, optimal control problems are considered on a cross with a small cycle. The state equation is the wave equation
on the graph. The boundary control problem by Neumann
conditions at a boundary vertex is solved for a tracking cost function. The shape functional is given by the optimal value of the control cost. The topological derivative of the shape functional is determined for the steady state model with the size of a cycle ε → 0. Numerical results for a model problem are presented.
The European gas market is governed by rules that are agreed on by the European Union. We present a mathematical market model that
takes into account this structure, where the technical system operator (TSO)
offers certain transportation capacities that can be booked and later nominated within the previously chosen bookings. The TSO also fixes booking fees and defines an operational control of the gas pipeline system in order to deliver the gas according to the nominations. Since the gas
flow is governed by a system of partial differential equations, to realize this control structure partial differential equations (PDEs) should be involved in the model.
While the four level gas market model has been discussed previously, in this
paper we take into account the
flow model by PDEs in the discussion of the model and in the reduction to a single level problem, where we also state the corresponding necessary optimality conditions.
In the transition to renewable energy sources, hydrogen will potentially play an important role for energy storage. The efficient transport of this gas is possible via pipelines. An understanding of the possibilities to control the gas flow in pipelines is one of the main building blocks towards the optimal use of gas.
For the operation of gas transport networks it is important to take into account the randomness of the consumers’ demand, where often information on the probability distribution is available.
Hence in an efficient optimal control model the corresponding probability should be included and the optimal control should be such that the state that is generated by the optimal control satisfies given state constraints with large probability. We comment on the modelling of gas pipeline flow and the problems of optimal nodal control with random demand, where the aim of the optimization is to determine controls that generate states that satisfy given pressure bounds with large probability. We include the H2 norm of the control as control cost, since this avoids large pressure fluctuations which are harmful in the transport of hydrogen since they can cause
embrittlement of the pipeline metal.
While the quasilinear isothermal Euler equations are an excellent model for gas pipeline flow, the operation of the pipeline flow with high pressure and small Mach numbers allows us to obtain approximate solutions by a simpler semilinear model. We provide a derivation of the semilinear model that shows that the semilinear model is valid for sufficiently low Mach numbers and sufficiently high pressures. We prove an existence result for continuous solutions of the semilinear model that takes into account lower and upper bounds for the pressure and an upper bound for the magnitude of the Mach number of the gas flow. These state constraints are important both in the operation of gas pipelines and to guarantee that the solution remains in the set where the model is physically valid. We show the constrained exact boundary controllability of the system with the same pressure and Mach number constraints.
We study the controllability properties of the transport equation and of parabolic equations posed on a tree. Using a control localized on the exterior nodes, we prove that the hyperbolic and the parabolic systems are null-controllable. The hyperbolic proof relies on the method of characteristics, the parabolic one on duality arguments and Carleman inequalities. We also show that the parabolic system may not be controllable if we do not act on all exterior vertices because of symmetries. Moreover, we estimate the cost of the null-controllability of transport-diffusion equations with diffusivity ε > 0ε>0 and study its asymptotic behavior when ε → 0^+ε→0
+
. We prove that the cost of the controllability decays for a time sufficiently large and explodes for short times. This is done by duality arguments allowing to reduce the problem to obtain observability estimates which depend on the viscosity parameter. These are derived by using Agmon and Carleman inequalities.
We analyze Neural Ordinary Differential Equations (NODEs) from a control theoretical perspective to address some of the main properties and paradigms of Deep Learning (DL), in particular, data classification and universal approximation. These objectives are tackled and achieved from the perspective of the simultaneous control of systems of NODEs. For instance, in the context of classification, each item to be classified corresponds to a different initial datum for the control problem of the NODE, to be classified, all of them by the same common control, to the location (a subdomain of the euclidean space) associated to each label. Our proofs are genuinely nonlinear and constructive, allowing us to estimate the complexity of the control strategies we develop. The nonlinear nature of the activation functions governing the dynamics of NODEs under consideration plays a key role in our proofs, since it allows deforming half of the phase space while the other half remains invariant, a property that classical models in mechanics do not fulfill. This very property allows to build elementary controls inducing specific dynamics and transformations whose concatenation, along with properly chosen hyperplanes, allows achieving our goals in finitely many steps. The nonlinearity of the dynamics is assumed to be Lipschitz. Therefore, our results apply also in the particular case of the ReLU activation function. We also present the counterparts in the context of the control of neural transport equations, establishing a link between optimal transport and deep neural networks.
Exponential synchronization of a nodal observer for a semilinear model for the flow in gas networks
(2021)
The flow of gas through networks of pipes can be modeled by coupling hyperbolic systems of partial differential equations that describe the flow through the pipes that form the edges of the graph of the network by algebraic node conditions that model the flow through the vertices of the graph.
In the network, measurements of the state are available at certain points in space.Based upon these nodal observations, the complete system state can be approximated using an observer system. In this paper we present a nodal observer, and prove that the state of the observer system converges to the original state exponentially fast. Numerical experiments confirm the theoretical findings.
In this thesis we analyze stationary and dynamic gas flow with uncertain
boundary data in networks of pipelines. The gas flow in pipeline networks
is modeled by the isothermal Euler equations. The uncertain boundary data is
modeled by probability distributions, they represent the a priori unknown gas
demand of the consumers. The aim of this work is the analysis of optimization
problems with probabilistic constraints in the context of gas transport.
For computing the probability that an uncertain gas demand is feasible
we use both, a kernel density estimator approach and the spheric radial decomposition.
Feasible in this context means, that the demanded gas can be
transported through the network, s.t. bounds for the pressure at the nodes are
satisfied. Moreover we discuss advantages and disadvantages of both methods.
In the stationary case we extend our model by compressor control and
bounds for the pressure at the entry nodes, and we also compute the probability
for an uncertain gas demand to be feasible. In the dynamic setting the
uncertain gas demand is time dependent, which is modeled by randomized
Fourier series.
Further we analyze certain optimization problems with probabilistic constraints,
in which the probabilistic constraints are approximated by the kernel
density estimator approach. On the one hand we show the existence of optimal
solutions for both, the exact and the approximated problems, and on the
other hand we show that if the approximation is sufficiently accurate, then the
optimal solutions of the approximated problems are close to the solutions of
the exact problems. With the approximation of the probabilistic constraints
via the kernel density estimator we are able to compute derivatives of the
approximated optimization constraints, which allows us to derive necessary
optimality conditions for the approximated optimization problems with probabilistic
constraints.
We build up a decomposition for the flow generated by the heat equation with a real analytic memory kernel. It
consists of three components: The first one is of parabolic nature; the second one gathers the hyperbolic component
of the dynamics, with null velocity of propagation; the last one exhibits a finite smoothing effect. This decomposition reveals the hybrid parabolic-hyperbolic nature of the flow and clearly illustrates the significant impact of the memory term on the parabolic behavior of the system in the absence of memory terms.
This paper deals with the averaged dynamics for heat equations in the degenerate case where the diffusivity coefficient, assumed to be constant, is allowed to take the null value. First we prove that the averaged dynamics is analytic. This allows to show that, most often, the averaged dynamics enjoys the property of unique continuation and is approximately controllable. We then determine if the averaged dynamics is actually null controllable or not depending on how the density of averaging behaves when the diffusivity vanishes. In the critical density threshold the dynamics of the average is similar to the \frac{1}{2}-fractional Laplacian, which is wellknown to be critical in the context of the controllability of fractional diffusion processes. Null controllability then fails (resp. holds) when the density weights more (resp. less) in the null diffusivity regime than in this critical regime.
We discuss the multilevel control problem for linear dynamical systems, consisting in designing a piece-wise constant control function taking values in a finite-dimensional set. In particular, we provide a complete characterization of multilevel controls through a duality approach, based on the minimization of a suitable cost functional. In this manner we build optimal multi-level controls and characterize the time needed for a given ensemble of levels to assure the controllability of the system. Moreover, this method leads to efficient numerical algorithms for computing multilevel controls.
We model, simulate and control the guiding problem for a herd of evaders under the action of repulsive drivers. The problem is formulated in an optimal control framework, where the drivers (controls) aim to guide the evaders (states) to a desired region of the Euclidean space.
The numerical simulation of such models quickly becomes unfeasible for a large number of interacting agents. To reduce the computational cost, we use the Random Batch Method (RBM), which provides a computationally feasible approximation of the dynamics. At each time step, the RBM randomly divides the set of particles into small subsets (batches), considering only the interactions inside each batch. Due to the averaging effect, the RBM approximation converges to the exact dynamics as the time discretization gets finer. We propose an algorithm that leads to the optimal control of a fixed RBM approximated trajectory using a classical gradient descent. The resulting control is not optimal for the original complete system, but rather for the reduced RBM model. We then adopt a Model Predictive Control (MPC) strategy to handle the error in the dynamics. While the system evolves in time, the MPC strategy consists in periodically updating the state and computing the optimal control over a long-time horizon, which is implemented recursively in a shorter time-horizon. This leads to a semi-feedback control strategy. Through numerical experiments we show that the combination of RBM and MPC leads to a significant reduction of the computational cost, preserving the capacity of controlling the overall dynamics.
The concept of turnpike connects the solution of long but finite time horizon optimal control problems with steady state optimal controls. A key ingredient of the analysis of turnpike phenomena is the linear quadratic regulator problem and the convergence of the solution of the associated differential Riccati equation as the terminal time approaches infinity. This convergence has been investigated in linear systems theory in the 1980s. We extend classical system theoretic results for the investigation of turnpike properties of standard state space systems and descriptor systems. We present conditions for turnpike phenomena in the non detectable case and for impulse controllable descriptor systems. For the latter, in line with the theory for standard linear systems,we establish existence and convergence of solutions to a generalized differential Riccati equation.
This paper is devoted to analysing the explicit slow decay rate and turnpike in the infinite-horizon linear quadratic optimal control problems for hyperbolic systems. Assume that some weak observability or controllability are satisfied, by which, the lower and upper bounds of the corresponding algebraic Riccati operator are estimated, respectively. Then based on these two bounds, the explicit slow decay rate of the closed-loop system with Riccati-based optimal feedback control is obtained. The averaged turnpike property for this problem is also further discussed.
We then apply these results to the LQ optimal control problems constraint to networks of onedimensional wave equations and also some multi-dimensional ones with local controls which lack of GCC (Geometric Control Condition).
In this paper, by using the Brunovsky normal form, we provide a reformulation of the problem consisting in finding the actuator design which minimizes the controllability cost for finite-dimensional linear systems with scalar controls. Such systems may be seen as spatially discretized linear partial differential equations with lumped controls. The change of coordinates induced by Brunovsky’s normal form allows us to remove the restriction of having to work with diagonalizable system dynamics, and does not entail a randomization procedure as done in past literature on diffusion equations or waves. Instead, the optimization problem reduces to a minimization of the norm of the inverse of a change of basis matrix, and allows for an easy deduction of existence of solutions, and for a clearer picture of some of the problem’s intrinsic symmetries. Numerical experiments help to visualize these artifacts, indicate further open problems, and also show a possible obstruction of using gradient-based algorithms – this is alleviated by using an evolutionary algorithm.
The aim of this work is to give a broad panorama of the control properties of fractional diffusive models from a numerical analysis and simulation perspective. We do this by surveying several research results we obtained in the last years, focusing in particular on the numerical computation of controls, though not forgetting to recall other relevant contributions which can be currently found in the literature of this prolific field. Our reference model will be a non-local diffusive dynamics driven by the fractional Laplacian on a bounded domain ΩΩΩ. The starting point of our analysis will be a Finite Element approximation for the associated elliptic model in one and two space-dimensions, for which we also present error estimates and convergence rates in the L2L^2L2 and energy norm. Secondly, we will address two specific control scenarios: firstly, we consider the standard interior control problem, in which the control is acting from a small subset ω⊂Ωω ⊂ Ωω⊂Ω. Secondly, we move our attention to the exterior control problem, in which the control region O⊂ΩcO ⊂ Ω cO⊂Ωc is located outside ΩΩΩ. This exterior control notion extends boundary control to the fractional framework, in which the non-local nature of the models does not allow for controls supported on ∂Ω∂Ω∂Ω. We will conclude by discussing the interesting problem of simultaneous control, in which we consider families of parameter-dependent fractional heat equations and we aim at designing a unique control function capable of steering all the different realizations of the model to the same target configuration. In this framework, we will see how the employment of stochastic optimization techniques may help in alleviating the computational burden for the approximation of simultaneous controls. Our discussion is complemented by several open problems related with fractional models which are currently unsolved and may be of interest for future investigation.
We analyze the sidewise controllability for the variable coefficients one-dimensional wave equation. The control is acting on one extreme of the string with the aim that the solution tracks a given path at the otherfree end. This sidewise control problem is also often referred to as nodal profile or tracking control. First, the problem is reformulated as a dual observability property for the corresponding adjoint system. Using sidewiseenergy propagation arguments the sidewise observability is shown to hold, ina sufficiently large time, in the class of BV-coefficients. We also present a number of open problems and perspectives for further research.
We consider a dynamic ptimal control problem for gas
pipeline systems. The flow is governed by a quasilinear hyperbolic model. Since in the operation of the gas networks regular solutions
without shocks are desirable, we impose appropriate state and control constraint in order to guarantee that a classical solution is generated. Due to a W^{2;inf}-regularization term in the objective function, we can show the existence of an optimal control. Moreover, we give conditions that guarantee that the control becomes constant a the end of the control time interval if the weight of the regularization term is suffciently large.
In this paper the turnpike phenomenon is studied for problems of optimal control where both pointwise-in-time state and control constraints can appear. We assume that in the objective function, a tracking term appears that is given as an integral over the time-interval [0, T] and measures the distance to a desired stationary state. In the
optimal control problem, both the initial and the desired terminal state are prescribed. We assume that the system is exactly controllable in an abstract sense if the time horizon is long enough.
We show that that the corresponding optimal control problems on the time intervals [0, T] give rise to a turnpike structure in the sense that for natural numbers n if T is suciently large, the contribution
of the objective function from subintervals of [0, T] of the form
[t - t/2^n, t + (T-t)/2^n]
is of the order 1/min{t^n, (T-t)^n}. We also show that a similar result holds for epsilon-optimal solutions of the optimal control problems if epsilon > 0 is chosen suffciently small. At the end of the paper we present
both systems that are governed by ordinary differential equations and
systems governed by partial differential equations where the results can be applied.
The operation of gas pipeline flow with high pressure and small Mach numbers allows to model the flow by a semilinear hyperbolic system of partial differential equations. In this paper we present a number of transient and stationary analytical solutions of this model. They are used to discuss and clarify why a pde model is necessary to handle certain dynamic situations in the operation of gas transportation networks. We show that adequate numerical discretizations can capture the dynamical behavior sufficiently accurate. We also present examples that show that in certain cases an optimization approach that is based upon multi-period optimization of steady states does not lead to approximations that converge to the optimal state.
It is well-known that vibrating strings can be steered to a position of rest in finite time by suitably defined boundary control functions, if the time horizon is suffciently long. In optimal control problems, the desired terminal state is often
enforced by terminal conditions, that add an additional diffculty to the optimal control problem. In this paper we present an optimal control problem for the wave equation with a time-dependent weight in the objective function such that for a suffciently long time horizon, the optimal state reaches a position of rest in finite time without prescribing a terminal constraint. This situation can be seen as a realization of the finite-time turnpike phenomenon that has been studied recently in [1].
In this work, we address the local controllability of a one-dimensional free boundary problem for a fluid governed by the viscous Burgers equation. The free boundary manifests itself as one moving end of the interval, and its evolution is given by the value of the fluid velocity at this endpoint. We prove that, by means of a control actuating along the fixed boundary, we may steer the fluid to constant velocity in addition to prescribing the free boundary’s position, provided the initial velocities and interface positions are close enough.
In this work, we analyze the consequences that the so-called turnpike property has on the long-time behavior of the value function corresponding to a finite-dimensional linear-quadratic optimal control problem with general terminal cost and constrained controls.
We prove that, when the time horizon TTT tends to infinity, the value function asymptotically behaves as W(x)+c T+λW(x) + c\, T + \lambda W(x)+cT+λ, and we provide a control interpretation of each of these three terms, making clear the link with the turnpike property.
As a by-product, we obtain the long-time behavior of the solution to the associated Hamilton-Jacobi-Bellman equation in a case where the Hamiltonian is not coercive in the momentum variable. As a result of independent interest, we provide a new turnpike result for the linear-quadratic optimal control problem with constrained control. As a main feature, our turnpike result applies to the case when the steady optimum may saturate the control constraints. This prevented us from proving the turnpike property with an exponential rate, which is well-known to hold for the unconstrained case.
We analyze Neural Ordinary Differential Equations (NODEs) from a control theoretical perspective to address some of the main properties and paradigms of Deep Learning (DL), in particular, data classification and universal approximation. These objectives are tackled and achieved from the perspective of the simultaneous control of systems of NODEs. For instance, in the context of classification, each item to be classified corresponds to a different initial datum for the control problem of the NODE, to be classified, all of them by the same common control, to the location (a subdomain of the euclidean space) associated to each label. Our proofs are genuinely nonlinear and constructive, allowing us to estimate the complexity of the control strategies we develop. The nonlinear nature of the activation functions governing the dynamics of NODEs under consideration plays a key role in our proofs, since it allows deforming half of the phase space while the other half remains invariant, a property that classical models in mechanics do not fulfill. This very property allows to build elementary controls inducing specific dynamics and transformations whose concatenation, along with properly chosen hyperplanes, allows achieving our goals in finitely many steps. The nonlinearity of the dynamics is assumed to be Lipschitz. Therefore, our results apply also in the particular case of the ReLU activation function. We also present the counterparts in the context of the control of neural transport equations, establishing a link between optimal transport and deep neural networks.
We consider the controllability problem for finite-dimensional linear autonomous control systems with nonnegative controls. Despite the Kalman condition, the unilateral nonnegativity control constraint may cause a positive minimal controllability time. When this happens, we prove that, if the matrix of the system has a real eigenvalue, then there is a minimal time control in the space of Radon measures, which consists of a finite sum of Dirac impulses. When all eigenvalues are real, this control is unique and the number of impulses is less than half the dimension of the space. We also focus on the control system corresponding to a finite-difference spatial discretization of the one-dimensional heat equation with Dirichlet boundary controls, and we provide numerical simulations.
Inspired by the successes of stochastic algorithms in the training of deep neural networks and the simulation of interacting particle systems, we propose and analyze a framework for randomized time-splitting in linear-quadratic optimal control. In our proposed framework, the linear dynamics of the original problem is replaced by a randomized dynamics. To obtain the randomized dynamics, the system matrix is split into simpler submatrices and the time interval of interest is split into subintervals. The randomized dynamics is then found by selecting randomly one or more submatrices in each subinterval.
We show that the dynamics, the minimal values of the cost functional, and the optimal control obtained with the proposed randomized time-splitting method converge in expectation to their analogues in the original problem when the time grid is refined. The derived convergence rates are validated in several numerical experiments. Our numerical results also indicate that the proposed method can lead to a reduction in computational cost for the simulation and optimal control of large-scale linear dynamical systems.
In this article, we explore the effects of memory terms in continuous-layer Deep Residual Networks by studying Neural ODEs (NODEs). We investigate two types of models. On one side, we consider the case of Residual Neural Networks with dependence on multiple layers, more precisely Momentum ResNets. On the other side, we analyse a Neural ODE with auxiliary states playing the role of memory states. We examine the interpolation and universal approximation properties for both architectures through a simultaneous control perspective. We also prove the ability of the second model to represent sophisticated maps, such as parametrizations of time-dependent functions. Numerical simulations complement our study.
In this paper we discuss an approach to the stability analysis for classical
solutions of closed loop systems that is based upon the tracing of the evolution of the Riemann invariants along the characteristics. We consider a network where several edges are coupled through node conditions that govern the evolution of the Riemann invariants through the nodes of the network. The analysis of the decay of the Riemann invariants requires to follow backwards all the characteristics that enter such a node and contribute
to the evolution. This means that with each nodal reflection/crossing the number of characteristics that contribute to the evolution increases.
We show how for simple networks with a suffcient number of damping nodal controlers it is possible to keep track of this family of characteristics and use this approach to analyze the exponential stability of the system. The analysis is based on an adapted version of
Gronwall's lemma that allows us to take into account the possible increase of the Riemann invariants when the characteristic curves cross a node of the network.
Our example is motivated by applications in the control of gas pipeline flow, where the
graphs of the networks often contain many cycles.
In this paper we consider systems that are governed by linear time-discrete dynamics with an initial condition and a terminal condition for the expected values. We study optimal control problems where in the objective function a term of tracking type for the expected values and a control cost appear. In addition, the feasible states have to satisfy a conservative probabilistic constraint that requires that the probability that the trajectories remain in a given set F is greater than or equal to a given lower bound. An application are
optimal control problems related to storage management systems with uncertain in- and output. We give suffcient conditions that imply that the optimal expected trajectories remain close to a certain state that can be characterized as the solution of an optimal control problem without prescribed initial- and terminal condition. Hence we contribute to the study of the turnpike phenomenon that is well-known in mathematical economics.
In these lecture notes, we address the problem of large-time asymptotic behaviour of the solutions to scalar convection-diffusion equations set in [katex]\mathbb{R}^N[/katex]. The large-time asymptotic behaviour of the solutions to many convection-diffusion equations is strongly linked with the behavior of the initial data at infinity. In fact, when the initial datum is integrable and of mass [katex]M[/katex], the solutions to the equations under consideration oftentimes behave like the associated self-similar profile of mass [katex]M[/katex], thus emphasising the role of scaling variables in these scenarios. However, these equations can also manifest other asymptotic behaviors, including weakly non-linear, linear or strongly non-linear behavior depending on the form of the convective term. We give an exhaustive presentation of several results and techniques, where we clearly distinguish the role of the spatial dimension and the form of the nonlinear convective term.
Control under constraints for multi-dimensional reaction-diffusion monostable and bistable equations
(2020)
Dynamic phenomena in social and biological sciences can often be modeled employing reaction diffusion equations. Frequently in applications, their control plays an important role when avoiding population extinction or propagation of infectious diseases, enhancing multicultural features, etc. When addressing these issues from a mathematical viewpoint one of the main challenges is that, because of the intrinsic nature of the models under consideration, the solution, typically a proportion or a density function, needs to preserve given lower and upper bounds (taking values in [0; 1])).
Controlling the system to the desired final configuration then becomes complex, and sometimes even impossible. In the present work, we analyze the controllability to constant steady states of spatially homogeneous semilinear heat equations, with constraints in the state, and using boundary controls, which is indeed a natural way of acting on the system in the present context. The nonlinearities considered are among the most frequent: monostable and bistable ones. We prove that controlling the system to a constant steadystate may become impossible when the diffusivity is too small (or when the domain is large), due to the existence of barrier functions. When such an obstruction does not arise, we build sophisticated control strategies combining the dissipativity of the system, the existence of traveling waves, some connectivity of the set of steady states. This connectivity allows building paths that the controlled trajectories can follow, in a long time, with small oscillations, preserving the natural constraints of the system.
This kind of strategy was successfully implemented in one space dimension, where phase plane analysis techniques allowed to decode the nature of the set of steady states. These techniques fail in the present multidimensional setting. We employ a fictitious domain technique, extending the system to a larger ball, and building paths of radially symmetric solution that can then be restricted to the original domain. The results are illustrated by numerical simulations of these models that find several applications, such as the extinction of minority languages or the survival of rare species in sufficiently large reserved areas.
We model, simulate and control the guiding problem for a herd of evaders under the action of repulsive drivers. The problem is formulated in an optimal control framework, where the drivers (controls) aim to guide the evaders (states) to a desired region of the Euclidean space.
The numerical simulation of such models quickly becomes unfeasible for a large number of interacting agents. To reduce the computational cost, we use the Random Batch Method (RBM), which provides a computationally feasible approximation of the dynamics. At each time step, the RBM randomly divides the set of particles into small subsets (batches), considering only the interactions inside each batch. Due to the averaging effect, the RBM approximation converges to the exact dynamics as the time discretization gets finer. We propose an algorithm that leads to the optimal control of a fixed RBM approximated trajectory using a classical gradient descent. The resulting control is not optimal for the original complete system, but rather for the reduced RBM model. We then adopt a Model Predictive Control (MPC) strategy to handle the error in the dynamics. While the system evolves in time, the MPC strategy consists in periodically updating the state and computing the optimal control over a long-time horizon, which is implemented recursively in a shorter time-horizon. This leads to a semi-feedback control strategy. Through numerical experiments we show that the combination of RBM and MPC leads to a significant reduction of the computational cost, preserving the capacity of controlling the overall dynamics.
We address the application of stochastic optimization methods for the simultaneous control of parameter-dependent systems. In particular, we focus on the classical Stochastic Gradient Descent (SGD) approach of Robbins and Monro, and on the recently developed Continuous Stochastic Gradient (CSG) algorithm. We consider the problem of computing simultaneous controls through the minimization of a cost functional defined as the superposition of individual costs for each realization of the system. We compare the performances of these stochastic approaches, in terms of their computational complexity, with those of the more classical Gradient Descent (GD) and Conjugate Gradient (CG) algorithms, and we discuss the advantages and disadvantages of each methodology. In agreement with well-established results in the machine learning context, we show how the SGD and CSG algorithms can significantly reduce the computational burden when treating control problems depending on a large amount of parameters. This is corroborated by numerical experiments.
We introduce and study the turnpike property for time-varying shapes, within the viewpoint of optimal control. We focus here on
second-order linear parabolic equations where the shape acts as a source term and we seek the optimal time-varying shape that
minimizes a quadratic criterion. We first establish existence of optimal solutions under some appropriate sufficient conditions. We
then provide necessary conditions for optimality in terms of adjoint equations and, using the concept of strict dissipativity, we prove
that state and adjoint satisfy the measure-turnpike property, meaning that the extremal time-varying solution remains essentially
close to the optimal solution of an associated static problem. We show that the optimal shape enjoys the exponential turnpike
property in term of Hausdorff distance for a Mayer quadratic cost. We illustrate the turnpike phenomenon in optimal shape design
with several numerical simulations.
We present a new proof of the turnpike property for nonlinear optimal control problems, when the running target is a steady control-state pair of the underlying dynamics. Our strategy combines the construction of suboptimal quasi-turnpike trajectories via controllability, and a bootstrap argument, and does not rely on analyzing the optimality system or linearization techniques. This in turn allows us to address several optimal control problems for finite-dimensional, control-affine systems with globally Lipschitz (possibly nonsmooth) nonlinearities, without any smallness conditions on the initial data or the running target. These results are motivated by the large-layer regime of residual neural networks, commonly used in deep learning applications. We show that our methodology is applicable to controlled PDEs as well, such as the semilinear wave and heat equation with a globally Lipschitz nonlinearity, once again without any smallness assumptions.
This contribution focuses on the analysis and control of friction-dominated flow of gas in pipes. The pressure in the gas flow is governed by a partial differential equation that is a doubly nonlinear parabolic equation of p-Laplace type, where p=2/3. Such equations exhibit positive solutions, finite speed of propagation and satisfy a maximum principle. The pressure is fixed on one end (upstream), and the flow is specified on the other end (downstream). These boundary conditions determine a unique steady equilibrium flow. We present a boundary feedback flow control scheme, that ensures local exponential stability of the equilibrium in an L2-sense. The analysis is done both for the pde system and an ode system that is obtained by a suitable spatial semi-discretization. The proofs are based upon suitably chosen Lyapunov functions.
We introduce and study the turnpike property for time-varying shapes, within the viewpoint of optimal control. We focus here on second-order linear parabolic equations where the shape acts as a source term and we seek the optimal time-varying shape that minimizes a quadratic criterion. We first establish existence of optimal solutions under some appropriate sufficient conditions. We then provide necessary conditions for optimality in terms of adjoint equations and, using the concept of strict dissipativity, we prove that state and adjoint satisfy the measure-turnpike property, meaning that the extremal time-varying solution remains essentially close to the optimal solution of an associated static problem. We show that the optimal shape enjoys the exponential turnpike property in term of Hausdorff distance for a Mayer quadratic cost. We illustrate the turnpike phenomenon in optimal shape design with several numerical simulations.
In this article we survey recent progress on mathematical results on gas flow in pipe
networks with a special focus on questions of control and stabilization. We briefly present
the modeling of gas flow and coupling conditions for flow through vertices of a network. Our
main focus is on gas models for spatially one-dimensional flow governed by hyperbolic balance
laws. We survey results on classical solutions as well as weak solutions. We present results
on well–posedness, controllability, feedback stabilization, the inclusion of uncertainty in the
models and numerical methods.
Abstract. This paper deals with the averaged dynamics for heat equations in the degenerate case where the diffusivity coefficient, assumed to be constant, is allowed to take the null value. First we prove that the averaged dynamics is analytic. This allows to show that, most often, the averaged dynamics enjoys the property of unique continuation and is approximately controllable. We then determine if the averaged dynamics is actually null controllable or not depending on how the density of averaging behaves when the diffusivity vanishes. In the critical density threshold the dynamics of the average is similar to the $\frac{1}{2}$-fractional Laplacian, which is wellknown to be critical in the context of the controllability of fractional diffusion processes. Null controllability then fails (resp. holds) when the density weights more (resp. less) in the null diffusivity regime than in this critical regime.
We study the inverse problem, or inverse design problem, for a time-evolution Hamilton-Jacobi equation. More precisely, given a target function [katex]u_T[/katex] and a time horizon [katex]T > 0[/katex], we aim to construct all the initial conditions for which the viscosity solution coincides with [katex]u_T[/katex] at time [katex]T[/katex]. As it is common in this kind of nonlinear equations, the target might not be reachable. We first study the existence of at least one initial condition leading the system to the given target. The natural candidate, which indeed allows determining the reachability of [katex]u_T[/katex] , is the one obtained by reversing the direction of time in the equation, considering [katex]u_T[/katex] as terminal condition. In this case, we use the notion of backward viscosity solution, that provides existence and uniqueness for the terminal-value problem. We also give an equivalent reachability condition based on a differential inequality, that relates the reachability of the target with its semiconcavity properties. Then, for the case when [katex]u_T[/katex] is reachable, we construct the set of all initial conditions for which the solution coincides with [katex]u_T[/katex] at time [katex]T[/katex]. Note that in general, such initial conditions are not unique. Finally, for the case when the target [katex]u_T[/katex] is not necessarily reachable, we study the projection of [katex]u_T[/katex] on the set of reachable targets, obtained by solving the problem backward and then forward in time. This projection is then identified with the solution of a fully nonlinear obstacle problem, and can be interpreted as the semiconcave envelope of [katex]u_T[/katex] , i.e. the smallest reachable target bounded from below by [katex]u_T[/katex] .
It is by now well-known that practical deep supervised learning may roughly be cast as an optimal control problem for a specific discrete-time, nonlinear dynamical system called an artificial neural network. In this work, we consider the continuous-time formulation of the deep supervised learning problem, and study the latter’s behavior when the final time horizon increases, a fact that can be interpreted as increasing the number of layers in the neural network setting.
When considering the classical regularized empirical risk minimization problem, we show that, in long time, the optimal states converge to zero training error, namely approach the zero training error regime, whilst the optimal control parameters approach, on an appropriate scale, minimal norm parameters with corresponding states precisely in the zero training error regime. This result provides an alternative theoretical underpinning to the notion that neural networks learn best in the overparametrized regime, when seen from the large layer perspective.
We also propose a learning problem consisting of minimizing a cost with a state tracking term, and establish the well-known turnpike property, which indicates that the solutions of the learning problem in long time intervals consist of three pieces, the first and the last of which being transient short-time arcs, and the middle piece being a long-time arc staying exponentially close to the optimal solution of an associated static learning problem. This property in fact stipulates a quantitative estimate for the number of layers required to reach the zero training error regime.
Both of the aforementioned asymptotic regimes are addressed in the context of continuous-time and continuous space-time neural networks, the latter taking the form of nonlinear, integro-differential equations, hence covering residual neural networks with both fixed and possibly variable depths.
The concept of turnpike connects the solution of long but finite time horizon optimal control problems with steady state optimal controls. A key ingredient of the analysis of the turnpike is the linear quadratic regulator problem and the convergence of the solution of the associated differential Riccati equation as the terminal time approaches infinity. This convergence has been investigated in linear systems theory in the 1980s. We extend classical system theoretic results for the investigation of turnpike properties of standard state space systems and descriptor systems. We present conditions for turnpike in the nondetectable case and for impulse controllable descriptor systems. For the latter, in line with the theory for standard linear systems, we establish existence and convergence of solutions to a generalized differential Riccati equation.
This paper deals with an optimal control problem associated with the Kuramoto model describing the dynamical behavior of a network of coupled oscillators. Our aim is to design a suitable control function allowing us to steer the system to a synchronized configuration in which all the oscillators are aligned on the same phase. This control is computed via the minimization of a given cost functional associated with the dynamics considered. For this minimization, we propose a novel approach based on the combination of a standard Gradient Descent (GD) methodology with the recently-developed Random Batch Method (RBM) for the efficient numerical approximation of collective dynamics. Our simulations show that the employment of RBM improves the performances of the GD algorithm, reducing the computational complexity of the minimization process and allowing for a more efficient control calculation.
Uncertainty often plays an important role in dynamic flow problems. In this paper, we consider both, a stationary and a dynamic flow model with uncertain boundary data on networks. We introduce two different ways how to compute the probability for random boundary data to be feasible, discussing their advantages and disadvantages. In this context, feasible means, that the flow corresponding to the random boundary data meets some box constraints at the network junctions. The first method is the spheric radial decomposition and the second method is a kernel density estimation.
In both settings, we consider certain optimization problems and we compute derivatives of the probabilistic constraint using the kernel density estimator. Moreover, we derive necessary optimality conditions for the stationary and the dynamic case.
Throughout the paper, we use numerical examples to illustrate our results by comparing them with a classical Monte Carlo approach to compute the desired probability.
In this paper, problems of optimal control are considered where in the objective function, in addition to the control cost, there is a tracking term that measures the distance to a desired stationary state. The tracking term is given by some norm, and therefore it is in general not differentiable. In the optimal control problem, the initial state is prescribed. We assume that the system is either exactly controllable in the classical sense or nodal profile controllable. We show that both for systems that are governed by ordinary differential equations and for infinite-dimensional systems, for example, for boundary control systems governed by the wave equation, under certain assumptions, the optimal system state is steered exactly to the desired state after finite time.
We deal with a stationary model for flow through a
network. The flows are determined by the values at the boundary nodes of the
network that we call the loads of the network. In the applications , the feasible loads
must satisfy some box constraints. We analyze the structure of the set of feasible
loads. Our analysis is motivated by gas pipeline flows, where the box constraints are
pressure bounds.
We present sufficient conditions to show, that the feasible set is star-shaped with
respect to special points. For stronger conditions, we prove the convexity of the
set of feasible loads. All the results are given for active and passive networks, i.e.
networks with and without inner control.
This analysis is motivated by the aim to use the spheric-radial decomposition for
stochastic boundary data in this model. This paper can be used for simplifying the
algorithmic use of the spheric-radial decomposition.
We study problems of optimal boundary control with systems governed by linear hyperbolic partial differential equations. The objective function is quadratic and given by an integral over the finite time interval (0,T) that depends on the boundary traces of the solution. If the time horizon T is sufficiently large, the solution of the dynamic optimal boundary control problem can be approximated by the solution of a steady state optimization problem. We show that for T to infinity the approximation error converges to zero in the sense of the norm in L^2(0,1) with the rate 1/T, if the time interval (0,T) is transformed to the fixed interval (0,1). Moreover, we show that also for optimal boundary control problems with integer constraints for the controls the turnpike phenomenon occurs. In this case the steady state optimization problem also has the integer constraints. If T is sufficiently large, the integer part of each solution of the dynamic optimal boundary control problem with integer constraints is equal to the integer part of a solution of the static problem. A numerical verification is given for a control problem in gas pipeline operations.
In optimal control problems, often initial data are required
that are not known exactly in practice.
In order to take into account this uncertainty,
we consider optimal control problems for a system with an uncertain initial
state. A finite terminal time is given. On account of the uncertainty of the
initial state, it is not possible to prescribe an exact terminal state.
Instead, we are looking for controls that steer the system into a given
neighborhood of the desired terminal state with sufficiently high
probability. This neighborhood is described in terms of an inequality for
the terminal energy. The probabilistic constraint in the considered optimal
control problem leads to optimal controls that are robust against the
inevitable uncertainties of the initial state.
We show the existence of such optimal controls.
Numerical examples with
optimal Neumann control of the wave equation are presented.
We introduce a stationary model for gas flow based on simplified isothermal Euler equations in a non-cycled pipeline network.
Especially the problem of the feasibility of a random load vector is analyzed. Feasibility in this context means the existence of a
flow vectormeeting these loads, which satisfies the physical conservation laws with box constraints for the pressure. An important
aspect of the model is the support of compressor stations, which counteract the pressure loss caused by friction in the pipes.The
network is assumed to have only one influx node; all other nodes are efflux nodes.With these assumptions the set of feasible loads
can be characterized analytically. In addition we show the existence of optimal solutions for some optimization problems with
probabilistic constraints. A numerical example based on real data completes this paper.
Consider a star-shaped network
of strings. Each string is governed by the wave equation.
At each boundary node of the network there is
a player that performs Dirichlet boundary control action
and in this way influences the system state.
At the central node, the states are coupled
by algebraic conditions in such a way that the energy is conserved.
We consider the corresponding antagonistic game
where each player minimizes a certain quadratic objective function
that is given by the sum of a control cost and
a tracking term for the final state.
We prove that under suitable assumptions
a unique Nash equilibrium exists
and give an explicit representation
of the equilibrium strategies.
The flow of gas through networks of pipes can be modeled by the isothermal Euler equations and algebraic node conditions that model the flow through the vertices of the network graph. We prove the well-posedness of the system for gas with nonconstant compressibility factor that is given by an affine linear function. We consider initial data and control functions that are Lipschitz continuous and compatible with the node and boundary conditions. We show the existence of semi--global Lipschitz continuous solutions of the initial boundary value problem. The construction of the solution is based upon a fixed point iteration along the characteristic curves. The solutions of the intial boundary value problem on arbitrary networks satisfy a maximum principle in terms of the Riemann invariants that states that the maximum of the absolute values is attained for the initial or the boundary data.
Boundary feedback stabilization of the isothermal Euler-equations with uncertain boundary data
(2017)
In a gas transport system, the
customer behavior is uncertain.
Motivated by this situation, we consider
a boundary stabilization problem
for the flow through a gas pipeline,
where the outflow at one
end of the pipe
%that is governed by the customer's behavior
is uncertain.
The control action is located
at the
other end of the pipe.
The feedback law is
a classical
Neumann velocity feedback with a feedback parameter $k>0$.
We show that
as long as the
$H^1$-norm of the function that describes the noise in the customer's
behavior decays exponentially with
a rate that is sufficiently large,
the velocity of the gas can be stabilized exponentially
fast in the sense that a suitably chosen Lyapunov function decays exponentially.
For the exponential stability it is sufficient
that the feedback parameter $k$ is sufficiently large
and the stationary state to which the system is stabilized is
sufficiently small.
The stability result is local, that is it holds for initial
states that are sufficiently close to the stationary state.
This result is an example for the exponential boundary feedback stabilization of
a quasilinear hyperbolic system with uncertain boundary data.
The analysis is based upon the choice of a suitably Lyapunov function.
The decay of this Lyapunov function implies that
also the $L^2$-norm of the
difference of the system state and the stationary state decays exponentially.
The relaxation approximation for systems of conservation laws has been
studied intensively for example by [17, 5, 19, 24]. In this paper the corresponding
relaxation approximation for 2x2 systems of balance laws is studied. Our driving
example is gas flow in pipelines described by the isothermal Euler equations. We
are interested in the limiting behavior as the relaxation parameter tends to zero. We
give conditions where the relaxation converges to the states of the original system
and counterexamples for cases where the steady states depend on the space variable.
We consider a system of scalar nonlocal conservation laws on networks that model a highly re-entrant multi-commodity manufacturing system as encountered in semiconductor production. Every single commodity is mod-eled by a nonlocal conservation law, and the corresponding PDEs are coupled via a collective load, the work in progress. We illustrate the dynamics for two commodities. In the applications, directed acyclic networks naturally occur, therefore this type of networks is considered. On every edge of the network we have a system of coupled conservation laws with nonlocal velocity. At the junctions the right hand side boundary data of the foregoing edges is passed as left hand side boundary data to the following edges and PDEs. For distributing junctions, where we have more than one outgoing edge, we impose time dependent distribution functions that guarantee conservation of mass. We provide results of regularity, existence and well-posedness of the multi-commodity network model for L p-, BV-and W 1,p-data. Moreover, we define an L 2-tracking type objective and show the existence of minimizers that solve the corresponding optimal control problem.
In optimal control loops delays can occur, for example through transmission via digital communication channels. Such delays influence the state that is generated by the implemented control. We study the effect of a delay in the implementation of L 2-norm minimal Neumann boundary controls for the wave equation. The optimal controls are computed as solutions of problems of exact optimal control, that is if they are implemented without delay, they steer the system to a position of rest in a given finite time T. We show that arbitrarily small delays δ > 0 can have a destabilizing effect in the sense that we can find initial states such that if the optimal control u is implemented in the form yx(t, 1) = u(t − δ) for t > δ, the energy of the system state at the terminal time T is almost twice as big as the initial energy. We also show that for more regular initial states, the effect of a delay in the implementation of the optimal control is bounded above in the sense that for initial positions with derivatives of BV-regularity and initial velocities with BV-regularity, the terminal energy is bounded above by the delay δ multiplied with a factor that depends on the BV-norm of the initial data. We show that for more general hyperbolic optimal exact control problems the situation is similar. For systems that have arbitrarily large eigenvalues, we can find terminal times T and arbitrarily small time delays δ, such that at the time T + δ, in the optimal control loop with delay the norm of the state is twice as large as the corresponding norm for the initial state. Moreover, if the initial state satisfies an additional regularity condition, there is an upper bound for the effect of time delay of the order of the delay with a constant that depends on the initial state only.
For the management of gas transportation networks, it is essential to know how the stationary states of the system are determined by the boundary data. The isothermal Euler equations are an accurate pde-model for the gas flow through each pipe. A compressibility factor is used to model the nonlinear relationship between density and pressure that occurs in real gas in contrast to ideal gas. The gas flow through the nodes is governed by algebraic node conditions that require the conservation of mass and the continuity of the pressure. We examine networks that are described by arbitrary finite graphs and show that for suitably chosen boundary data, subsonic stationary states exist and are uniquely determined by the boundary data. Our construction of the stationary states is based upon explicit representations of the stationary states on each single pipe that can easily be evaluated numerically. We also use the monotonicity properties of these states as functions of the boundary data.
We consider traffic flow governed by the LWR model. We show that a Lipschitz continuous initial density with free-flow and sufficiently small Lipschitz constant can be controlled exactly to an arbitrary constant free-flow density in finite time by a piecewise linear boundary control function that controls the density at the inflow boundary if the outflow boundary is absorbing. Moreover, this can be done in such a way that the generated state is Lipschitz continuous. Since the target states need not be close to the initial state, our result is a global exact controllability result. The Lipschitz constant of the generated state can be made arbitrarily small if the Lipschitz constant of the initial density is sufficiently small and the control time is sufficiently long. This is motivated by the idea that finite or even small Lipschitz constants are desirable in traffic flow since they might help to decrease the speed variation and lead to safer traffic.
We consider the problem of boundary feedback stabilization of a vibrating string that is fixed at one end and with control action at the other end. In contrast to previous studies that have required L 2-regularity for the initial position and H −1-regularity for the initial velocity, in this paper we allow for initial positions with L 1-regularity and initial velocities in W −1,1 on the space interval. It is well known that for a certain feedback parameter, for sufficiently regular initial states the classical energy of the closed-loop system with Neumann velocity feedback is controlled to zero after a finite time that is equal to the minimal time where exact controllability holds. In this paper, we present a Dirichlet boundary feedback that yields a well-defined closed-loop system in the (L 1 , W −1,1) framework and also has this property. Moreover, for all positive feedback parameters our feedback law leads to exponential decay of a suitably defined L 1-energy. For more regular initial states with (L 2 , H −1) regularity, the proposed feedback law leads to exponential decay of an energy that corresponds to this framework. If the initial states are even more regular with H 1-regularity of the initial position and L 2-regularity of the initial velocity, our feedback law also leads to exponential decay of the classical energy.
Finite Time Blow-up of Traveling Wave Solutions for the Flow of Real Gas through Pipeline Networks
(2016)
In the context of gas transportation, analytical solutions are essential
for the understanding of the underlying dynamics described
by a system of partial differential equations. We derive traveling wave
solutions for the 1-d isothermal Euler equations. A non-constant compressibility
factor is used to describe the correlation between density
and pressure. The blow-up of the traveling wave solution in finite time
is proven. We then extend our analysis to networks under appropriate
coupling conditions and derive compatibility conditions to fulfill these
coupling conditions.
Pipeline networks for gas transportation often contain circles. For such networks it is more difficult to determine the stationary states than for networks without circles. We present a method that allows to compute the stationary states for subsonic pipe flow governed by the isothermal Euler equations for certain pipeline networks that contain circles. We also show that suitably chosen boundary data determine the stationary states uniquely. The construction is based upon novel explicit representations of the stationary states on single pipes for the cases with zero slope and with nonzero slope. In the case with zero slope, the state can be represented using the Lambert-W function.