Fachbereich Ingenieur- und Naturwissenschaften
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During the last decade production innovation was mainly focused on connectivity aspects. The vision of smart factories running on software, that uses collected machine data, has become true but foremost for leading industrial companies in highly developed countries. Apart from these, production can also be found in non-industrialized craft professions as well as in less developed countries. As digitalization does not necessarily require an industrial or developed setting the latter could possibly benefit from it as well. Socio-cyber-physical production systems have been used to describe the interdependencies of linked production systems but usually focus on highly developed regions as well as for industrial applications. This paper lines out similarities and differences for each case, introduces the concept of cyber-physical production systems (CPPS) and its extension to socio-CPPS (SCPPS), which emphasizes the role of human workers in the production environment. The relation between industrial, non-industrial production and innovations is examined. Furthermore, the widening of SCCPS concepts for non-industrial production is discussed.
Faults in industrial chiller systems can lead to higher energy consumption, increasing wear of system components and shorten equipment life. While they gradually cause anomalous system operating conditions, modern automatic fault detection models aim to detect them at low severity by using real-time sensor data. Many scientific contributions addressed this topic in the past and presented data-driven approaches to detect faulty system states. Although many promising results were presented to date, there is lack of suitable comparison studies that show the effectiveness of the proposed models by use of data stemming from different chiller systems. Therefore this study aims at detecting a suitable data-driven approach to detect faults reliable in different domains of industrial chillers. Thus, a unified procedure is developed, to train all algorithms in an identical way with same data-basis. Since most of the reviewed papers used only one dataset for training and testing, the selected approaches are trained and validated on two different datasets from real refrigeration systems. The data-driven approaches are evaluated based on their accuracy and true negative rate, from which the most suitable approach is derived as a conclusion.
Chiller systems are used in many different applications in both the industrial and the commercial sector. They are considered major energy consumers and thus contribute a non-negligible factor to environmental pollution as well as to the overall operating cost. In addition, chillers, especially in industrial applications, are often associated with high reliability requirements, as unplanned system downtimes are usually costly. As many studies over the past decades have shown, the presence of faults can lead to significant performance degradation and thus higher energy consumption of these systems. Thus, data-driven fault detection plays an ever-increasing role in terms of energy efficient control strategies. However, labelled data to train associated algorithms are often only available to a limited extent, which consequently inhibits the broad application of such technologies. Therefore, this paper presents an approach that exploits only a small amount of labelled and large amounts of unlabelled data in the training phase in order to detect fault related anomalies. For this, the model utilizes the residual space of the data transformed through principal component analyses in conjunction with a biased support vector machine, which can be ascribed to the concept of semi-supervised learning, or more specifically, positive-unlabelled learning.
Science, technology and politics agree: hydrogen will be the energy carrier of the future. It will replace fossil fuels based on a sufficient supply from sustainable energy. Since the possibilities of storing and transporting hydrogen play a decisive role here, the so-called LOHC (Liquid Organic Hydrogen Carriers) can be used as carrier materials. LOHC carrier materials can reversibly absorb hydrogen, store it without loss and release it again when needed. Since little or no pressure is required, normal containers or tanks can be used. The volume or mass-related energy densities can reach around a quarter of liquid fossil fuels.
This paper is to give an introduction to the field of hydrogen storage and usage of those LOHC, in particular. The developments of the last ten years have been related to the storage and transport of hydrogen with LOHC. These are crucial to meet the future demand for energy carriers e.g. for mobile applications. For this purpose, all transport systems are under consideration as well as the decentralized supply of rural areas with low technological penetration, e.g. regions of Western Africa which are often characterized by a lack of energy supply. Hydrogen bound in LOHC can provide a hazard-free alternative for distribution. The paper provides an overview of the conversion forms as well as the chemical carrier materials. Dibenzyltoluene as well as N-ethylcarbazole - as examples for LOHC - are discussed as well as chemical hydrogen storage materials like ammonia boranes as alternatives to LOHC.
Vapor compression refrigeration systems are subject to performance degradation over time due to the presence of faults. However, latest work in the field of condition-based maintenance shows promising results in the automatic early detection of anomalous behaviour as well as in accurate machine diagnostics and can, therefore, increase the overall system reliability by simultaneously preventing machine downtimes. In this paper, the latest research works carried out within the last decade are reviewed and the approaches are classified regarding their working principles. Furthermore, the work at hand depicts the current research trend in this field and outlines current obstacles.
The availability of electrical energy is one of the essential basic elements for economic growth and humanitarian living conditions. In one of the poorest regions of Western Africa - in the savannah region of northern Togo - the central expansion of electricity grids has not taken place. Decentralized solutions based on renewable energy systems can help here and promote the region's development. In the presented paper, the various renewable energy carrier systems were examined with regard to their use in the savannah region of Western Africa. The solar energy carrier system could be used as a power supplier in the secondary conversion process to mechanical power. Subsequently, a prototype for a clay brick production machine was designed and a digital mock-up was developed. Together with the partners in Togo, the prototype is built and tested in the field. Experiences are being gathered in cooperation with Bonita-Haus and will be incorporated into the educational content in Togo as well as at the Technical University of Wildau. This will make a significant contribution to the utilization of the technology at the site and to improving the living conditions in Western Africa.
The energy management of manufacturing facilities must be taken increasing account for an efficient operation within a production process. Future efforts and solutions will focus on improvement of the process stability and on cost reduction to meet the needs of successfully compete in local and global markets especially for SME. The paper describes an approach for manufacturing facilities using an example for thermoprocessing equipment. For this purpose, the TPS-principle Jidōka is used, the mechanism of self-adapting limit setting as well as an implementation is presented prototypically.
Konventionelle Fertigungsstrategien werden künftig zunehmend durch komplexe cyberphysische Produktionssysteme (CPPS) ersetzt. Es entstehen durchgehend verbundene Wertschöpfungsnetzwerke mit großer Informationsdichte, die den Menschen mit einer signifikant gestiegenen Datenmenge konfrontieren, auf deren Basis er agieren muss. Daher nimmt die Mensch-Maschine-Schnittstelle einen wichtigen Stellenwert innerhalb des Produktionsprozesses ein, wobei sich neuartige Visualisierungsverfahren wie Augmented Reality (AR) vielversprechend zeigen. Für entsprechende Anwendungen bedarf es einer durchgängigen Kommunikation aus dem Feld bis hin zur Applikation. Der Artikel beschreibt, wie existierende Kommunikationsstandards dafür nutzbar gemacht werden können und zeigt eine beispielhafte Umsetzung. Zudem wird eine Kommunikationsarchitektur vorgeschlagen, die auf Grundlage der Verwaltungsschale den interoperablen Informationsaustausch zwischen physischen und virtuellen Entitäten ermöglicht.
Konventionelle Fertigungsstrategien werden künftig zunehmend durch komplexe cyberphysische Produktionssysteme (CPPS) ersetzt. Es entstehen durchgehend verbundene Wertschöpfungsnetzwerke mit großer Informationsdichte, die den Menschen mit einer signifikant gestiegenen Datenmenge konfrontieren, auf deren Basis er agieren muss. Daher nimmt die Mensch-Maschine-Schnittstelle einen wichtigen Stellenwert innerhalb des Produktionsprozesses ein, wobei sich neuartige Visualisierungsverfahren wie Augmented Reality (AR) vielversprechend zeigen. Für entsprechende Anwendungen bedarf es einer durchgängigen Kommunikation aus dem Feld bis hin zur Applikation. Der Artikel beschreibt, wie existierende Kommunikationsstandards dafür nutzbar gemacht werden können und zeigt eine beispielhafte Umsetzung. Zudem wird eine Kommunikationsarchitektur vorgeschlagen, die auf Grundlage der Verwaltungsschale den interoperablen Informationsaustausch zwischen physischen und virtuellen Entitäten ermöglicht.
Energiemanagementaufgaben finden zunehmende Berücksichtigung für einen effizienten Betrieb von Produktionsanlagen. Kostenreduktion bei hoher Prozessstabilität ist hierbei eine wesentliche Aufgabenstellung zur Aufrechterhaltung der Wettbewerbsfähigkeit sowie zur Erfüllung von normativen wie auch gesetzlichen Rahmenbedingungen. Der vorliegende Beitrag zielt auf die Vorstellung eines Ansatzes zur Implementierung eines derartigen Managementsystems am Beispiel einer Thermoprozessanlage. Hierzu wird insbesondere das als Jidōka aus dem TPS bekannte Prinzip mit selbstadaptierender Grenzwertsetzung aufgenommen und eine Ausführungsmöglichkeit prototypisch vorgestellt.