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Chemical Energy Storage
(2019)
Purely electrical energy storage technologies are very efficient, however they are also very expensive and have the smallest capacities. Electrochemical-energy storage reaches higher capacities at smaller costs, but at the expense of efficiency. This pattern continues in a similar way for chemical-energy storage. In terms of capacities, the limits of batteries (accumulators) are reached when low-loss long-term storage is of need. Chemical-energy storage and stocking fulfills these requirements completely. The storing itself may be subject to significant efficiency losses, but, from today’s point of view and in combination with the existing gas and fuel infrastructure, it is the only national option with regards to the long-term storage of renewable energies.
Chemical-energy storage is the backbone of today’s conventional energy supply. Solid (wood and coal), liquid (mineral oil), and gaseous (natural gas) energy carriers are ‘energy storages’ themselves, and are stored using different technologies. In the course of energy transition, chemical-energy storage will be of significant importance, mainly as long-term storage for the power sector, but also in the form of combustibles and fuels for transport and heat. Not only are conventional storing technologies discussed within this chapter, but a detailed explanation is also given about the storage of renewable energies in the form of gaseous (power-to-gas, PtG) and liquid (power-to-liquid, PtL) energy carriers for electricity, heat, chemicals, and in the form of synthetic fuels.
Unlike the electricity sector, heating and cooling storage requirements have attracted little public attention. This is because these storage requirements have generally already been met, and will not change significantly in the future. In the electricity sector by contrast, there will be a significant shift from primary energy storage to electricity and final energy storage. Both sectors have remarkably high storage requirements. Almost all households have thermal buffers. The same is true of renewable energy heating systems such as pellet heating, geothermal, or solar-thermal systems. Some households with liquid gas or oil heating even have two storage units: a fuel tank and a thermal buffer. Exceptions include heating systems with upstream storage such as district heating or gas storage. In the future, integration of the electricity and heating sectors by combined heat and power (CHP) generation, heat pumps, power-to-heat (PtH), and power-to-gas (PtG) will facilitate the use of renewable energy, and lead to a paradigm shift. Relying on results from various studies, this chapter examines the development of heating supply in Germany and the resulting thermal storage requirements. The chapter’s later sections provide surplus and storage potential estimates. Cooling requirements are included as ‘process cooling’ under ‘process heat’, and as ‘air-conditioning’ over ‘room heating’. It is primarily integrated into electricity demand.
Mechanical Energy Storage
(2019)
Chemical-energy storage systems use caverns, porous storage facilities, tanks, and storage rooms to store chemical energy sources. Caverns, caves, and reservoirs can also be used to store gaseous media such as air, liquid media such as water, and solid media such as rock. The principles of mechanical energy storage are based on classical Newtonian mechanics, or in other words on fundamental physics from the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries. As a result, these types of storage are typically divided into two categories; storage of kinetic and potential energy, or storage of ‘pressure energy’. In this chapter, storage media is categorized by its aggregate state, and described by its function and application: first compressed air energy storage and then conventional electricity storage—pumped-storage plants. The chapter continues with a discussion of innovative methods of storing potential energy using water as a medium. These include artificially constructed pumped storage, pumped storage in the open sea, dam storage on rivers, pumped storage on heaps in repurposed mining areas, underfloor or underground pumped storage, and surface mine storage. The chapter concludes with a description of classical and modern flywheel energy storage systems. This age-old technology is then compared with a new concept: mechanical stored energy exploiting both pumped storage and change in the potential energy of rocks or large boulders.
Chapters 6 to 9 focused on storage systems that store electric energy in a range of forms, and then release the energy again as electric energy. Chapter 10 discussed the use of thermal-energy storage (TES) systems for thermal management. This chapter examines management methods. These methods use processes that typically convert electric energy into another form of final energy that can also be stored. This form of energy is often thermal energy. But unlike with the systems discussed in previous chapters, here the energy stored is not converted back into electricity. Instead, the energy is used and stored in the same form. From the point of view of the energy supply system, these management methods perform exactly the same function as energy storage systems. This chapter discusses load-management in general, then potential uses of load-management, and finally, current trends.
Handbook of Energy Storage
(2019)
There are several approaches to classifying energy storage systems (see Chaps. 1 and 2). Storage systems are used in a large number of different technologies at various stages of development, and in a wide range of application areas (see Chaps. 3 to 5). This chapter compares the capabilities of the different storage systems using the following criteria:This comparison of storage systems also provides a convenient overview of the various storage systems and their capabilities.