Fakultät Maschinenbau
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Operational wear behaviour of 3D-printed lightweight metal gears: EDS and oil analysis comparison
(2024)
Additive manufacturing (AM) has come to the fore in recent years among manufacturing techniques. This technique, which has different advantages than traditional ones such as casting, forging and machining, is expected to be widely used in producing machine parts like gears in the coming years. Therefore, experimental data on AM parameters for lightweight metal gears are important for industrial production. In this study, a wear test was applied to AlSi10Mg and Ti6Al4V gears under operational conditions, and the wear behaviour of conventionally and additively manufactured gears was compared. The amount of abrasion elements was determined by analysing the oil in the gearbox. In addition, gear surfaces were analysed using scanning electron microscopy and an energy-dispersive spectrometer before and after wear. Thus, the wear behaviour of gears produced by conventional and AM under service conditions was demonstrated comparatively.
Although magnesium and its alloys are promising candidates as biodegradable implant materials, the tendency for localized corrosion mechanism in physiological environment limit their biomedical application. Electropolishing is an attractive strategy for improving the corrosion behaviour of metals, but it is still largely unexplored in magnesium materials. In this study, the characterization of electropolished surfaces of AM50 and pure magnesium was performed, focussing on their in vitro degradation behaviour in cell medium. Corrosion rates were evaluated using potentiodynamic polarisation. The surface morphology before and after the onset of corrosion was investigated by scanning electron microscopy and confocal laser scanning microscopy. The presented electropolishing process led to improved surface performances, observable by significantly lower corrosion rates (0.08 mm·year-1 in Dulbecco's modified Eagle's medium), lower arithmetical mean height (0.05 µm), lower water contact angle (25-35°) and lower micro hardness (35-50 HV 0.1) compared to mechanically and chemically treated surfaces. MgO/Mg(OH)2 could be detected on electropolished surfaces. The localized corrosion mode could be reduced, but not entirely prevented. Electropolishing shows great potential as post-treatment of magnesium-based components, but detailed tests of the long-term corrosion behaviour are an important area of future research.
In Vitro Analysis of Human Cartilage Infiltrated by Hydrogels and Hydrogel-Encapsulated Chondrocytes
(2023)
Osteoarthritis (OA) is a degenerative joint disease causing loss of articular cartilage and structural damage in all joint tissues. Given the limited regenerative capacity of articular cartilage, methods to support the native structural properties of articular cartilage are highly anticipated. The aim of this study was to infiltrate zwitterionic monomer solutions into human OA-cartilage explants to replace lost proteoglycans. The study included polymerization and deposition of methacryloyloxyethyl-phosphorylcholine- and a novel sulfobetaine-methacrylate-based monomer solution within ex vivo human OA-cartilage explants and the encapsulation of isolated chondrocytes within hydrogels and the corresponding effects on chondrocyte viability. The results demonstrated that zwitterionic cartilage–hydrogel networks are formed by infiltration. In general, cytotoxic effects of the monomer solutions were observed, as was a time-dependent infiltration behavior into the tissue accompanied by increasing cell death and penetration depth. The successful deposition of zwitterionic hydrogels within OA cartilage identifies the infiltration method as a potential future therapeutic option for the repair/replacement of OA-cartilage extracellular suprastructure. Due to the toxic effects of the monomer solutions, the focus should be on sealing the OA-cartilage surface, instead of complete infiltration. An alternative treatment option for focal cartilage defects could be the usage of monomer solutions, especially the novel generated sulfobetaine-methacrylate-based monomer solution, as bionic for cell-based 3D bioprintable hydrogels.
A lot of dental alloys are available on the market. Among these alloys, there are the conventional alloys, the so called casting alloys used without ceramics, the bonding alloys used with high fusing ceramics and the universal alloys used without or with low fusing ceramics. It is im portant to know the physical and mechanical properties of these materials but also their biocompatibility and their resistance to corrosion. Dental alloys are generally placed in the mouth for many years, they must not induce adverse biological reactions such as gingival swelling and erythema, mucosal pain and lichenoid reactions. Although these troubles are often caused not by the materials itself (1, 2), they can be induced by the metallic ions released during their corrosion. In order to decrease the risks to the health, it is necessary to study the corrosion of the dental alloys. Currently, the ISO 10271 Standard (3), describes 3 different corrosion tests: a static immersion test (chemical corrosion), an electrochemic al test and a tarnish test. However, there are no indications yet about the possible interpretation of test results. In this paper, we propose a method to compare and classify the dental alloys in relation to their chemical and electrochemical corrosion results. METHODS: The material tested are pure metals such as gold, palladium, silver, copper and zinc as well as dental alloys which are commercially sold (see Table 1). 54 different materials have been tested. A minimum of four samples of each material were tested by electrochemic al corrosio n and a minimum of three in chemical test. The samples were cast and prepared as indicated by the manufacturer and by the ISO 10271. For the electrochemical test, the samples are in the form of disks 11 mm in diameter. They are tested with a potentiostat/galvanostat Voltalab Model 21. For the chemical test, the samples are rectangular with the dimensions 35X10X1.7 mm. The solution used and the operating conditions are described in the ISO 10271. The concentration of metallic ions released is measured by Induced Coupled Plasma
In the current research, magnesium and its alloys have been intensively studied as resorbable implant materials. Magnesium materials combine their good mechanical properties with bioactivity, which make them interesting for guided bone regeneration and for the application as barrier membranes. In this study, the in vitro degradation behavior of thin magnesium films was investigated in cell medium and simulated body fluid. Three methods were applied to evaluate corrosion rates: measurements of (i) the gaseous volume evolved during immersion, (ii) volume change after immersion, and (iii) polarization curves. In this comparison, measurements of H2 development in Dulbecco's modified Eagle's medium showed to be the most appropriate method, exhibiting a corrosion rate of 0.5 mm·year−1. Observed oxide and carbon contamination have a high impact on controlled degradation, suggesting that surface treatment of thin foils is necessary. The bioactivity test showed positive results; more detailed tests in this area are of interest.
Vollkeramischer Zahnersatz mit einem Gerüst, das aus einem Gerüstmaterial aus einem Cer-stabilisierten Zirkonoxid (Ce-ZrO2) mit einem Anteil von bis zu 25 Gew% Aluminiumoxid (Al2O3) bezogen auf den Anteil an ZrO2 aufgebaut ist und einem Infiltrationsglasanteil im Gerüst von 0-40 Vol% bezogen auf das Volumen des Gerüsts sowie einer auf das Gerüstmaterial abgestimmten Verblendkeramik.Die Erfindung betrifft die Verwendung von cer-stabilisiertem ZrO2 zur Herstellung von Gerüstmaterialien, die als Restauration im Dentalbereich einsetzbar sind.
A composite material with a porous inorganic-nonmetallic matrix and a second material, characterized in that said porous inorganic-nonmetallic matrix has a bending strength of >=40 MPa as measured according to ISO 6 872; said second material is an organic material which at least partly fills the pores of said porous matrix; and said composite material has a modulus of elasticity, E, of >=25 GPa as measured according to ISO 10 477.
Production of a dental reconstruction comprises: (a) forming a mold (12) from a model (10); (b) using (12) to make an isotropically heat-expandable replica from a ceramic precursor (14); (c) oxidizing (14) to produce an enlarged ceramic replica; (d) forming a silicone mold from this replica; (e) using (d) to make a second ceramic replica; and (f) sintering the second replica with volume reduction to form a replica identical to (10).
We investigate the mechanical and microstructural properties of a diamond-like carbon coating (DLC) which is deposited by plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition (PECVD) onto an alumina/aluminosilicate glass composite used for biomedical applications. Ball-on-ring tests yield a fracture strength that is essentially influenced by the surface topology/roughness. The surface topology of the coating is investigated by atomic force microscopy (AFM). Tribology tests and nanoindentation represent the wear resistance and hardness; these are properties that are mainly influenced by the microstructural properties of the DLC coating. This microstructure is investigated by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and analyzed by parallel electron energy loss spectroscopy (PEELS). For the general applicability of the coated composite, the interfacial adhesion of the DLC coating on the comparably rough substrate (roughness amplitudes and wavelengths are in the micrometer range) is important. Therefore, we focus on TEM investigations that show the interface to be free of gaps and pores that we, together with a characteristic microstructure adjacent to the interface, relate to the excellent adhesion. The interlayer consists of a high density of SiC grains, part of them directly bound to the substrate, and part of them bound to other SiC grains. This interlayer is followed by an essentially different region of the coating as concerns the microstructure; this region consists of nanocrystalline diamond particles embedded in an amorphous carbon matrix. It is this heterogeneous microstructure to which we attribute (i) the good adhesion based upon the interface stabilizing SiC grains, and (ii) the high hardness and wear resistance based upon the diamond nanocrystals in the coating.