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Electricity is becoming the primary source of energy, a trend that is particularly apparent through the coupling of the electricity sector with other energy sectors. In addition to the established links between the electricity and heating sectors using combined heat and power (CHP), which is supplemented by electric heat-pumps and power-to-heat (PtH), other new links are also emerging. These links are manifesting in the form of electro-mobility and electric fuels in the electricity and transport sectors; and in the electricity and gas sector they are appearing in the form of power-to-gas (PtG). The production of basic chemical materials such as methanol or polymers using electrical energy, water, and CO2 will also play a role in the future. However, the latter will not be dealt with explicitly here. Instead we will consider in detail other aspects of electricity as a primary energy source and its integration and application for energy storage.
Chemical Energy Storage
(2019)
Purely electrical energy storage technologies are very efficient, however they are also very expensive and have the smallest capacities. Electrochemical-energy storage reaches higher capacities at smaller costs, but at the expense of efficiency. This pattern continues in a similar way for chemical-energy storage. In terms of capacities, the limits of batteries (accumulators) are reached when low-loss long-term storage is of need. Chemical-energy storage and stocking fulfills these requirements completely. The storing itself may be subject to significant efficiency losses, but, from today’s point of view and in combination with the existing gas and fuel infrastructure, it is the only national option with regards to the long-term storage of renewable energies.
Chemical-energy storage is the backbone of today’s conventional energy supply. Solid (wood and coal), liquid (mineral oil), and gaseous (natural gas) energy carriers are ‘energy storages’ themselves, and are stored using different technologies. In the course of energy transition, chemical-energy storage will be of significant importance, mainly as long-term storage for the power sector, but also in the form of combustibles and fuels for transport and heat. Not only are conventional storing technologies discussed within this chapter, but a detailed explanation is also given about the storage of renewable energies in the form of gaseous (power-to-gas, PtG) and liquid (power-to-liquid, PtL) energy carriers for electricity, heat, chemicals, and in the form of synthetic fuels.
Chemische Energiespeicher
(2017)