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This paper compares the affective meanings attributed to feminine and masculine versions of the same social categories. We collected semantic differential ratings for 192 pairs of masculine and feminine social categories from two representative samples of n = 700 French and n = 700 German participants. We investigated how lexical and grammatical gender influences the affective meaning of social categories on Osgood’s dimensions of evaluation, potency, and activity, as well as how differences in affective meaning are related to known gender stereotypes. Our results suggest that gender does produce only small effects. However, they are not randomly distributed and consistent with well-known gender stereotypes. The results enrich social psychological research on gender as well as the cultural debate on the use of gender-fair language in grammatically gendered languages by providing a more nuanced assessment of the affective roots of gender stereotypes conveyed by language.
This study explores how social identities, behaviors, and settings interact to shape urban dynamics, with gentrification and neighborhood stigmatization as example phenomena of city life. Using affect control theory (ACT) simulations, we demonstrate how social identities and behaviors recursively influence the affective meanings attributed to urban settings, thus driving local cultural change. In the case of gentrification, the simulation illustrates how positive identities, such as those related to the creative class, transform stigmatized neighborhoods into attractive spaces. Analyses of segregated areas reveal the self-reinforcing cycle of stigma. The simulations are based on a comparative empirical analysis of impression formation in settings in French and German language cultures. Our findings highlight overall similarities in impression formation across these cultures, with some subtle differences: Context effects of behavior are somewhat stronger among German survey respondents, and French participants rely more heavily on fundamental sentiments. This study shows how ACT simulations bridge the gap between qualitative and quantitative analysis and between micro and macro level of analysis, offering a novel framework for explaining urban interactions and local cultural change.
Charlemagne’s Legacy
(2023)
We investigate between- and within-country consensus about affective meanings of social identities along the evaluation, potency, and activity dimensions from the affect control theory research tradition. Ratings for 387 (194 male and 193 female) identities were collected from two samples representative of the French (N = 700) and German (N = 700) populations for age, gender, and region. Guided by two preregistered hypotheses based on previous cross-cultural research, our analysis points to considerable cultural consensus between French and Germans who seem to share a common “Carolingian” affective culture; yet some culture-specific patterns concerning the evaluation dimension and evaluation-potency interactions were found to be statistically significant. We interpret these results in terms of known cross-cultural features such as power distance and conceptions of power.
