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Organisationseinheit der BAM
A pilot study for the thickness measurement of HfO2 films was performed by the Surface Analysis Working Group (SAWG) of the Consultative Committee for Amount of Substance (CCQM). The aim of this pilot study was to ensure the equivalency in the measurement capability of national metrology institutes for the thickness measurement of HfO2 films. In this pilot study, the thicknesses of six HfO2 films with nominal thickness from 1 nm to 4 nm were measured by X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS), X-ray Reflectometry(XRR), X-ray Fluorescence Analysis (XRF), Transmission Electron Spectroscopy (TEM), Spectroscopic Ellipsometry (SE) and Rutherford Backscattering Spectrometry (RBS). The reference thicknesses were determined by mutual calibration of a zero-offset method (Medium Energy Ion Scattering Spectroscopy (MEIS) of KRISS) and a method traceable to the length unit (the average thicknesses of three XRR data except the thinnest film). These reference thicknesses are traceable to the length unit because they are based on the traceability of XRR. For the thickness measurement by XPS, the effective attenuation length of Hf 4f electrons was determined. In the cases of XRR and TEM, the offset values were determined from a linear fitting between the reference thicknesses and the individual data by XRR and TEM. The amount of substance of HfO2, expressed as thickness of HfO2 films (in both linear and areal density units), was found to be a good subject for a CCQM key comparison.
To reach the main text of this paper, click on Final Report.
The final report has been peer-reviewed and approved for publication by the CCQM.
Zusammenfassung
Bei der laufenden Instandhaltung der Schienenfahrzeuge werden die Radsätze auf Fehlerfreiheit geprüft. Dabei werden sowohl die Laufräder wie auch die Radsatzwellen einer zerstörungsfreien Prüfung mit Ultraschall unterzogen.
Im Werk Wittenberge der DB Regio AG wurde im Jahre 2001 die bisher eingesetzte Handprüfung bzw. eine teilmechanisierte Prüfung mit konventioneller Technik durch eine mechanisierte automatische Prüfung mit Ultraschall-Gruppenstrahlertechnik abgelöst. Die bisherige individuelle Befundbewertung durch A-Bilder wurde durch eine numerische Rekonstruktion der Prüfdaten mit bildhafter Darstellung ersetzt. Dabei konnte die Prüfaussage signifikant verbessert und die Prüfzeit von bisher bis zu 30 Minuten auf 5 Minuten reduziert werden.
Ziel bei der Prüfung von Radsatzvollwellen ist es, die Rad- und Bremsscheibensitze sowie sämtliche Querschnittsübergänge auf radiale Fehler, d.h. auf quer zur Längsachse liegende Risse, zu überprüfen. Die eingeschränkte Zugänglichkeit der Prüforte hätte beim Einsatz von konventioneller Technik eine Vielzahl von Winkelprüfköpfen erforderlich gemacht, was in der Praxis einen schwer zu bewältigenden Aufwand allein auf Seiten der Prüfmechanik mit sich gebracht hätte. Die Technik der laufzeitgesteuerten Gruppenstrahler ermöglicht es, sämtliche geforderten Prüfbereiche mit 4 Prüfköpfen zu erfassen.
Im Rahmen der Richtlinienarbeit der Kommission Reinhaltung der Luft im VDI und DIN - Normenausschuss KRdL wurde ein Ringversuch zur Validierung des Analysenverfahrens für Phthalate in der Innenraumluft durchgeführt. Dabei wurden die beiden in der künftigen Richtlinie beschriebenen Analysenverfahren der Thermodesorption von Adsorptionsröhrchen sowie der Lösemittelextraktion von Florisilröhrchen mit jeweils anschließender Gaschromatographie und Massenspektrometrie (GC/MS) erprobt. Die Ergebnisse des Ringversuchs belegen die Vergleichbarkeit der beiden Verfahren. Auch die Richtigkeit der Ergebnisse im Rahmen einer akzeptablen Streuung sowie die Praktikabilität in der Praxis konnten bestätigt werden. Weiterhin wurden wichtige Erkenntnisse zur Minimierung der Blindwerte erarbeitet.
Initially, as-cast and homogenized single crystals of nickel-base superalloy CMSX-4 are subjected to hot isostatic pressing at 1288 °C. Two series of experiments are conducted: under the same pressure of 103 MPa but with different durations, between 0.5 and 6 h, and under different pressures, between 15 and 150 MPa, but for the same time of 0.5 h. The porosity annihilation is investigated metallographically and by high-resolution synchrotron X-ray tomography. The obtained experimental results are compared with the predictions of the vacancy model proposed recently in the group. Herein, the model is further refined by coupling with X-ray tomography. The model describes the evolution of the pore arrays enclosed in the 3D synchrotron tomograms during hot isostatic pressing and properly predicts the time and stress dependences of the pore annihilation kinetics. The validated model and the obtained experimental results are used for selecting the optimal technological parameters such as applied pressure and processing time
Purpose: To determine the distensibility and elastic characteristics of the optic nerve sheath for development of a basic understanding of ultrasound studies aimed to measure optic nerve sheath diameter (ONSD) for detection of acutely elevated intracranial pressure (ICP).
Methods: Isolated human optic nerves preparations obtained from autopsies were submitted to predefined pressure alterations, and consecutive changes in ONSD were measured by B-scan ultrasound under defined conditions.
Results: Following submission to pressure, the diameter of the nerve sheath increased up to 140% of its baseline value. The increase (mean 1.97 mm, SD 0.52 mm) corresponded to the magnitude of pressure steps measured in the perineural subarachnoidal space (SAS). Similarly, the ONSD declined in each of the preparations within a few minutes after the optic nerve was decompressed. However, it did not reach its baseline value again when pressure loads of 45–55 mmHg or more had been applied.
Conclusions: The elasticity of the anterior sheath of the optic nerve is sufficient for the detection of pressure changes in the SAS especially for upward pressure steps. This is basically important for the application of clinical monitoring of the sheath diameter to facilitate the identification of patients with elevated ICP non-invasively (screening). However, further implementation of this procedure in neurointensive care and emergency medicine has to consider that the sheath diameter reversibility may be impaired after episodes of prolonged intracranial hypertension and a model for hysteresis is proposed.
Next-generation thermal management requires the development of low lattice thermal conductivity materials, as observed in ionic conductors. For example, thermoelectric efficiency is increased when thermal conductivity is decreased. Detrimentally, high ionic conductivity leads to thermoelectric device degradation. Battery safety and design also require an understanding of thermal transport in ionic conductors. Ion mobility, structural complexity, and anharmonicity have been used to explain the thermal transport properties of ionic conductors. However, thermal and ionic transport are rarely discussed in direct comparison. Herein, the ionic conductivity of Ag+ argyrodites is found to change by orders of magnitude without altering the thermal conductivity. Thermal conductivity measurements and two-channel lattice dynamics modeling reveal that the majority of Ag+ vibrations have a non-propagating diffuson-like character, similar to amorphous materials. It is found that high ionic mobility is not a requirement for diffuson-mediated transport. Instead, the same bonding and structural traits that can lead to fast ionic conduction also lead to diffuson-mediated transport. Bridging the fields of solid-state ionics and thermal transport, it is proposed that a vibrational perspective can lead to new design strategies for functional ionic conducting materials. As a first step, the authors relate the so-called Meyer-Neldel behavior in ionic conductors to phonon occupations.