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Periodic mapping of reinforcement corrosion in intrusive chloride contaminated concrete with GPR
(2014)
This paper presents an experimental effort for developing a novel reinforcement corrosion monitoring technique based on Ground Penetrating Radar (GPR). Experiments were carried out to periodically monitor the accelerated reinforcement corrosion process with GPR. The data were processed in both time and timefrequency domains to investigate the tendencies of GPR signal attribute changes related with corrosion, moisture and chloride contamination. Data processing methods were proposed to visualize the reinforcement corrosion and chloride distribution with target specified signal attribute mapping. Half-Cell Potential (HCP) and Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy (LIBS) methods were employed to verify the GPR observations.
Bridges represent a crucial part of traffic infrastructure networks for both, freight transport and transport of people. None the less, sometimes it is not easy for infrastructure owners to manage or extract data and knowledge of interest about specific bridges from bridge management systems, e.g. along a line. In case of search for a special material parameter or for a recent strengthening measure, the selection of the wanted information may be time consuming. The search process depends on the complexity of the selected issue.
The paper presents the applicability of ontologies, a new tool from artificial intelligence transferred to bridge engineering issues. Current modern ontologies consider the rules from the World Wide Web consortium (W3C), use a defined Web Ontology Language (OWL) and the Dublin Core Metadata Initiative (DCMI®) to describe the members of a domain and the relations between them in a machine readable manor. Any information, data as well as text information is broken down to a simple triple (RDF) in a subject- predicate- object relation to organize the link between them. Advantage over any type of data base is processibility due to the use of restrictions and axioms. Visualization plug-ins, as OntoGraph or GraphViz, can visualize the structure of the ontology or parts of it and the described relations.
In the recent years, ontology editors like e.g. Protégé, were developed to enable domain experts to structure a specific domain. The editor is still under development. None the less, the study shows exemplarily, how an ontology for riveted steel bridges could consider results from testing in the laboratory and in the field. Besides typical materials, typical damage processes defects and structures, applicable methods are formalized, classified and described. Queries using e.g. DL-Query may address tasks of interest and extract it from the ontology.
The active approach for non-destructive-testing in Civil Engineering (NDT-CE) with infraredthermography (IR), developed at the Federal Institute for Materials Research and Testing (BAM), is described in part one of this contribution. The active IR-approach is based on the principles of impulse- (IT) and pulse-phase-thermography (PPT). The concept is a direct result of a research project at the BAM in cooperation with the Technical University of Berlin (TUB) and was funded by the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG). In the second part results of the new thermography-scanning system (thermo-scanner) of BAM on debonding of multi-layered structures, especially carbon fibre reinforced plates (CFRP) on concrete are presented. Both, the thermo-scanner developed at BAM, and the investigations carried out, are part of the
EU-Project Sustainable Bridges. In the third part of the paper the characteristic frequency of the optimum phase-contrast as a means for the characterization of defects depth in CE by means of PPT is introduced. A new quantitative approach is tested and discussed on concrete structures with defects of polystyrene and gas concrete.
Cast iron arch bridges were built in the late 18th and early 19th century across Europe. After the famous Iron Bridge in the Ironbridge Gorge in Coalbrookdale in England, being now part of the UNESCO world heritage, many cast iron bridges followed and substituted timber bridges. A series of cast iron bridges has been built in central Europe, in Laasan, Breslau, (now Wrocław), in Berlin, Potsdam, Bad Muskau and Schwerin. The paper gives an overview about the current state of some remaining cast iron arch bridges, typical damage cases, material properties and rehabilitation. Most of the old cast iron arch bridges serve as pedestrian bridges. Some of these bridges have been strengthened to increase the traffic load. Different rehabilitation measures as substitution of parts of the bridges and strengthening using Carbon Reinforced Polymers (CFRP) are discussed.
Practical applications of recent BAM-research results of NDT and monitoring in civil engineering
(2018)
Nondestructive testing and monitoring was of mayor interest in BAM-research related to the survey of civil engineering structures during the last two decades. Three case studies about research projects carried out at BAM were presented. All three projects focussed on the survey of parameters and safety related tasks in bridge engineering and inspection. First, the monitoring of the Berlin main station was presented with focus on the sensors developed specifically for this project. The second case study presented and application of guided ultrasonic waves to CFRP-strengthened bridges. The method was sucsessully applied to two of four different strengthening measures carried out min. 10 years ago. The last project presented the feasibility study of a network consisting of simple Bluetooth modules to survey changes in the moisture content in sand and massive concrete.
Civil engineers, who are involved in nondestructive testing have to solve an essential task: the transfer of the results of NDT-research into practice. NDT in civil Engineering is a quite new discipline. The results must meet the needs of the infrastructure owners to convince them about the usefulness of NDT. The issue of reliability of the NDT-data was discussed.
The presented development of a damping model is a research component of an experimental feasibility study about moisture in building materials measured with Bluetooth® Low Energy (BLE) signals. This study may be part of a structural health- and long-term monitoring aiming at early damage detection in the built infrastructure and is increasingly focusing on wireless sensor network technology. It is investigated, how the Received Signal Strength Indicator (RSSI) of a BLE signal, transmitted from the BLE-module embedded in building materials with changing moisture content is damped. The aim of the modelling is the derivation of a damping equation for the formal model to determine the moisture damping exponent to finding a correlation.