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- Soil stability monitoring (2)
- Structural health monitoring (2)
- Apis mellifera (1)
- Coexpression (1)
- DWV (1)
- Early warning (1)
- Faseroptische Sensoren (1)
- Fertigungskontrolle (1)
- Fibre-optic strain sensor (1)
- Geotechnical soil stability (1)
Movements in geological areas are mostly concentrated on faults or slipping zones. Detection of movements reaching critical values is of crucial importance to avoid losses and harms. The paper presents a new technology of detecting deformations and movements in soil or rock massifs. The core part of the sensing system is a tiny rod with embedded optical sensor fibres. This deformation measurement system was developed and the sensing rod can be installed in a borehole and enables the detection of beginning soil movements. The amount of deformation in soil or rock formations can then be estimated. The sensing rod has an outer diameter of 3 mm to 6 mm and contains several optical fibres. One fibre is used as online measurement system and provides integral strain information along the whole length of the rod. In case of a safety-relevant deformation (warning signal), the second sensing system based on fibre Bragg grating sensors positioned close to the expected shear zone will be activated and records then resulting deformations in detail.
Unity in defence: honeybee workers exhibit conserved molecular responses to diverse pathogens
(2017)
Background: Organisms typically face infection by diverse pathogens, and hosts are thought to have developed specific responses to each type of pathogen they encounter. The advent of transcriptomics now makes it possible to test this hypothesis and compare host gene expression responses to multiple pathogens at a genome-wide scale. Here, we performed a meta-analysis of multiple published and new transcriptomes using a newly developed bioinformatics approach that filters genes based on their expression profile across datasets. Thereby, we identified common and unique molecular responses of a model host species, the honey bee (Apis mellifera), to its major pathogens and parasites: the Microsporidia Nosema apis and Nosema ceranae, RNA viruses, and the ectoparasitic mite Varroa destructor, which transmits viruses.
Results: We identified a common suite of genes and conserved molecular pathways that respond to all investigated pathogens, a result that suggests a commonality in response mechanisms to diverse pathogens. We found that genes differentially expressed after infection exhibit a higher evolutionary rate than non-differentially expressed genes. Using our new bioinformatics approach, we unveiled additional pathogen-specific responses of honey bees; we found that apoptosis appeared to be an important response following microsporidian infection, while genes from the immune signalling pathways, Toll and Imd, were differentially expressed after Varroa/virus infection. Finally, we applied our bioinformatics approach and generated a gene co-expression network to identify highly connected (hub) genes that may represent important mediators and regulators of anti-pathogen responses.
Conclusions: Our meta-analysis generated a comprehensive overview of the host metabolic and other biological processes that mediate interactions between insects and their pathogens. We identified key host genes and pathways that respond to phylogenetically diverse pathogens, representing an important source for future functional studies as well as offering new routes to identify or generate pathogen resilient honey bee stocks. The statistical and bioinformatics approaches that were developed for this study are broadly applicable to synthesize information across transcriptomic datasets. These approaches will likely have utility in addressing a variety of biological questions.
Die Ultraschallmikroskopie von kleinen Bauteilen mit fokussierenden Prüfköpfen
ist seit Jahren gängige Praxis. Leider Ist sie für den Einsatz in der On-Line-
Qualitätskontrolle zu zeitaufwändig. Deshalb wurde an der Bundesanstalt für
Materialforschung und -prüfung (BAM) auf der Basis von Polyvinyliden-Fluorid
(PVDF) wurde eine fokussierende Wandlerzeile entwickelt Sie ist Teil eines Prüfgerätes,
das durch die Verbindung von mechanischer und elektronischer Steuerung
des Ultraschallfeldes hohe Abtastgeschwindigkeiten erreicht. Dadurch, können
die Prüfzeiten so stark reduziert werden, dass eine On-line-Nutzung möglich
wird.
Das Ultraschallfeld der Wandlerzeile wurde dreidimensional ausgemessen und
das Ergebnis mit einem numerischen Modell /1/ verglichen. Die Übereinstimmung
zwischen berechnetem und gemessenem Schallfeld war sehr gut. Eine
Optimierung der elektronischen Ansteuerung führte darüberhinaus zu einer
erheblichen Reduzierung der störenden Nebenmaxima. Die Mittenfrequenz der
Prüfimpulse liegt über 15 MHz und der Fokus des Prüfkopfes beträgt weniger als
0,5 mm im Durchmesser.
Mit dieser Wandlerzeile und der entsprechenden elektronischen Steuerung
wurde eine Aluminium-Schweißnaht untersucht, die vorher mit einem konventionellen
fokussierenden Prüfkopf abgetastet worden war. Beide Prüfergebnisse
zeigen die gleiche Strukturauflösung, so dass der Zeitgewinn uneingeschränkt
als Vorteil für die Wandlerzeile zu Buche schlägt.