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Interaction with the visual world critically depends on when and how we move our eyes. Eye movements, in turn, alter our experience of the world by selecting objects to foveate and tracking objects over time. The interaction between vision and eye movements continues indefinitely, one process modulating the strength and timing of the other. Despite this tight linkage, vision is often studied outside the context of eye movements, during stable fixation. Likewise, eye movements are often studied with sparse visual stimuli and under ideal viewing conditions. A more accurate understanding of vision requires studying perception in the context of eye movements.
Different types of eye movements reveal different aspects of how the brain works. The continuous nature of tracking smooth pursuit eye movements, combined with its ubiquitous presence in natural vision, makes it an excellent system in which to analyze perception at fine spatial and temporal resolutions. For example, how does vision change during the transition from fixation to pursuit, and when does the brain allocate resources to account for these changes? In contrast, the ballistic nature of saccades requires analysis divided into discrete epochs, including well before the saccade during the planning stage, during saccade execution, and after the movement. At the neuronal level, how do heterogeneous populations of visual- and saccade-related cells come to represent a single saccade vector during these different epochs? What are the effects on visual perception when saccades and pursuit interact? This symposium will reveal how research incorporating both types of eye movements and visual perception can provide a more ecologically valid account of visual-motor integration and the intervening cognitive processes.
This symposium will review innovative approaches and recent advances in understanding the interplay of eye movements and vision. We will take a multifaceted approach to understanding the effects of both exploratory (saccades) and tracking (smooth pursuit) eye movements on vision by using a range of methodologies and animal models (data-driven modeling, clinical populations, and simultaneous recordings of neuronal populations; humans, macaques, and marmosets). This symposium will appeal to vision scientists interested in selective attention, motion processing, neuronal modeling, motor control, neural circuits, and related topics. Our collective goal is to uncover the dynamics of visual perception and the candidate neuronal mechanisms that support eye movements.
Methods: Body sway was analyzed by measuring the center of pressure (CoP) in 10 healthy participants on a pressure-sensitive treadmill during standing and walking at 0.4 or 0.8 m/s. Continuous SVS (0–25 Hz; peak amplitude at±4.5 mA) was delivered by a bipolar binaural electrode configuration over the mastoid processes to evoke postural responses in the roll plane. Time-dependent coherence between SVS and medio-lateral body sway was analyzed to examine the dynamic impact of vestibular cues during locomotion. HMP was estimated using a previously established model (MacNeilage and Glasauer, 2017).
Results: SVS-CoP coherence decreased from standing to slow walking and further decreased with increasing locomotor speed (p< 0.001). Correspondingly, HMP increased with faster locomotion (p= 0.001). SVS-CoP coherence depended on the gait cycle phase with two distinct peaks occurring at 25 …