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We report on research conducted as part of the Universal Cognitive User Interface (UCUI) project, which aims at developing a universal, autarkic module for intuitive interaction with technical devices. First, we present an empirical study of image schemas as basic building blocks of human knowledge. Image schemas have been studied extensively in cognitive linguistics, but insufficiently in the context of human-computer-interaction (HCI). Some image
schemas are developed early at pre-verbal stages (e.g., up-down) and may, thus, exert greater influence on human knowledge than later developed image schemas (e.g., centre-periphery). To investigate this for HCI contexts, we applied a speech interaction task using a Wizard of Oz paradigm. Our results show that users apply early image schemas more frequently than late image schemas. They should, therefore, be given preference in interface designs. In the second
part of this contribution we therefore focus on the appropriate representation and processing of semantics. We introduce novel theoretical work including feature-values-relations and Petri net
transducers, and discuss their impact on behaviour control of cognitive systems. In addition, we illustrate some details of the implementation regarding learning strategies and the graphical
user interface.
Temporal aspects have been studied extensively within the context of music perception but insufficiently within the context of music preference. In this online questionnaire study, I investigated the impact of chronotype (morningness, eveningness) and time perspective (present, future) on music preferences. Participants (n = 258) completed the Short Test of Music Preferences for 26 music genres, the Zimbardo Time Perspective Inventory and the Munich Chronotype Questionnaire. Principal component analysis replicated a six-component structure of music preference. Whilst preference scores were highest for intense music for all participants, I found significant effects of chronotype and time perspective on music preferences. In particular, present-oriented evening types and future-oriented morning types differed in their preferences for various music genres. Consistent with a matching hypothesis, present-oriented evening types (fast life histories) showed greater preferences for contemporary (i.e., high rhythmic complexity), sophisticated (i.e., high complexity) and electronic music (i.e., fast tempo) compared to future-oriented morning types (slow life histories; greater difficulties with temporal irregularities). Consistent with a self-regulation hypothesis, present-oriented evening types showed greater preferences than future-oriented morning types for campestral music (i.e., slow tempo and low complexity).
Image schemas and primary metaphors have been studied extensively in cognitive linguistics, but insufficiently in the applied context of human-computer interaction. Scant evidence proposes image schemas and primary metaphors as sources for intuitive interface design. Literature on concept formation, however, suggests that image schemas occurring earlier in infancy exert greater influence than later developed image schemas on the development of thought and language. To investigate the impact of developmental origin of image schemas on the validity of image-schematic metaphors in supporting intuitive interface design, two studies analyzed metaphor strengths of image schemas from questionnaire, and from gesture and touch interaction with a 2D interactive interface. Responses linked to primary metaphors associated with early image schemas demonstrated greater agreement rates compared to late image schemas. Whilst questionnaire and touch responses generally demonstrated metaphor strengths well above chance level, gesture responses were only above chance level for early but not for late image schemas. For the application of image-schematic metaphors in intuitive interfaces, the current findings suggest two restrictions: First, primary metaphors linked to early image schemas appear to be more intuitive than those linked to late image schemas. This impact of developmental occurrence of image schemas is interpreted in terms of differences in complexity and frequency. Second, image-schematic primary metaphors appear more suited for providing intuitive touch interaction experiences. For intuitive gesture interaction experiences, they appear less suited.
Time is a fundamental aspect of human experience. Whilst most research investigated major aspects of psychological time - time duration, time succession, individual temporal orientation - in isolation, this dissertation investigates interrelations between individual temporal orientation and time succession. Since psychological time is bound to cognitive abstraction processes that rely on cognitive resources and functions, interrelations between individual temporal orientation and cognitive capacities were also investigated. Study 1 explored how different levels of individuals’ temporal orientation may be interrelated, and how interrelations may be influenced by age and sex. Interrelations between individual temporal orientation and time succession were explored in a task predominantly requiring crystallized intelligence (Study 2) and in a semantic analogy task requiring crystallized and fluid intelligence (Study 3a). Study 3b investigated interrelations between individual temporal orientation and higher-level fluid intelligence measures by applying a geometric analogy task. Interrelations between time perspective and chronotype as well as between chronotype and temporal depth are reported. Further, both future time perspective and temporal depth are interrelated with time succession. A testable global working memory model of time perception integrating all three aspects of psychological time is proposed. Further, interrelations between individual temporal orientation and cognitive capacities are reported. Future time perspective was related to fluid intelligence, chronotype to verbal intelligence. Behavioral as well as pupillary data suggest that individual temporal orientation is related to analogical reasoning, executive functions and goal management. Whereas future time perspective and morningness appear interrelated with conflict detection, temporal depth appears interrelated with inhibitory control.
The synchrony effect (i.e. superior performance at optimal, inferior performance at suboptimal times of day) has been broadly studied within the context of circadian rhythms. Whether one chronotype copes better with the synchrony effect than the other received only insufficient empirical attention. We report on an applied experimental study investigating the impact of chronotype on the synchrony effect in a semantic analogy task. To detect an analogy, 36 participants (12 males) aged between 18 and 40 had to decide whether the relation between events of a source pair was mirrored by the relation between events of a target pair (e.g. to cook: to eat = to saddle: to ride). Temporal orientation of the relation within each event pair was varied corresponding either to the chronological or reverse order. Response times (RTs), error rates, as well as the psychophysiological parameters pre-experimental pupil baseline and peak pupil dilation replicate findings of a synchrony effect (shorter RTs and allocation of less cognitive resources at optimal times of day) and show an impact of chronotype (morning types generally outperforming evening types). Most importantly, morning types appeared to cope better with the synchrony effect than evening types: At suboptimal times, morning types solved the analogy detection task more efficient; that is faster with the same accuracy and without the investment of more cognitive resources. They also showed greater alertness and wakefulness indexed by greater pre-experimental pupil baselines. At optimal times of day, morning types have more cognitive resources available to allocate these to the more demanding conditions to outperform evening types. We interpret these findings to suggest that morning types are more able to adapt to unfavourable circumstances (for instance, by avoiding wasteful resource allocation when there are less cognitive resources available). Evening types appear less able to adapt to suboptimal times than morning types, because they have to deal with social jetlag and decreased self-control.zeige weniger
What distinguishes our aesthetic experience of Middle Earth from Tarantino’s hybrid genre settings? To what extent does individual temporal orientation influence whether we prefer fast action or epic fantasy movies? Because film genres share stylistic and narrative elements, this study aimed to provide a categorization based on the features that genres share in unique ways. Furthermore, meaningful dimensions underlying these categories were investigated. Then, interrelations with individual temporal orientation were assessed. Participants completed a test of fictional film preferences, the Zimbardo Time Perspective Inventory, and the Individual Time Span Scales. Multidimensional scaling revealed three latent dimensions: social, conflict, and narrative setting. Principal component analysis revealed seven components of fictional film preferences: fantastic, communal, action, doomed, thrilling, unconventional, and historical. The current findings suggest that mood management processes are less influential in the development of more stable genre preferences than social phenomena. Regarding individual temporal orientation, findings were in line with life history theory for individual time span orientation. Time perspective was less related to film genre preferences. Here, gender appeared to be the main influence.
As new AI technologies emerge, we need to assure these are in alignment with ethical values, standards and goals of individual users as well as society. Ethical implications associated with AI systems have been discussed extensively in the literature, where much theorizing about users has taken place but not enough empirical research with users has been conducted. In this explorative questionnaire study, I aimed at investigating the extent to which the MEESTAR model (e.g. Manzeschke et al. 2016) originally developed within the context of inclusive assistance systems for the elderly can be applied more generally to users’ needs. To this end, sixty-four participants were presented with different AI scenarios in which the ethical values of autonomy, safety, privacy, care, justice, participation and self-conception were either violated or not. Ratings of concern in response to violations as well as ratings of the importance assigned to these aspects show that, firstly, participation and care generally need to be considered in the development of new AI systems whilst privacy was largely disregarded by participants. Secondly, the results indicate some mismatches between ratings of concern and importance: participants assigned importance to safety, justice, autonomy and self-conception but appeared less concerned with violations of these values. This supports the notion of a growing need to strengthen digital literacy by including more information about users’ rights and about the consequences of violations in AI interaction. Finally, findings of any impact of gender, technical experience and time perspective on concern and importance ratings are discussed.
Occasionally, time seems to stand still. At other times, it seems to fly. To what extent do relatively stable individual differences in the perception of time as duration exist? Individual temporal orientation has been studied extensively for time perspective and chronotype, but insufficiently for individual time span orientation. Yet, there are individual differences in the sampling rate at which the environment is monitored whilst neuronal systems specifically sensitive to motion, speed and duration perception exist (Hagendorf et al., 2011). To contribute to a better understanding of individual temporal orientation, a multi-study project (n = 2.176) was conducted to develop and validate a self-report questionnaire measuring individual time span orientation: the Individual Time Span Scales (ITSS). Structural validity was assessed using exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses suggesting two specific factors of slow and fast time span orientation as components of the global factor individual time span orientation. Convergent and discriminant validity were examined by comparison with personality factors, time perspective, and considerations of future consequences. Individual time span orientation was correlated with future time perspective and the consideration of future consequences: More future-oriented individuals tended to perceive time as running fast. Less future-oriented individuals tended to perceive time as moving slow.