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Unspecific peroxygenases (UPOs), whose sequences can be found in the genomes of thousands of filamentous fungi, many yeasts and certain fungus-like protists, are fascinating biocatalysts that transfer peroxide-borne oxygen (from H2O2 or R-OOH) with high efficiency to a wide range of organic substrates, including less or unactivated carbons and heteroatoms. A twice-proline-flanked cysteine (PCP motif) typically ligates the heme that forms the heart of the active site of UPOs and enables various types of relevant oxygenation reactions (hydroxylation, epoxidation, subsequent dealkylations, deacylation, or aromatization) together with less specific one-electron oxidations (e.g., phenoxy radical formation). In consequence, the substrate portfolio of a UPO enzyme always combines prototypical monooxygenase and peroxidase activities. Here, we briefly review nearly 20 years of peroxygenase research, considering basic mechanistic, molecular, phylogenetic, and biotechnological aspects.
Do small landforms have large effects? A review on the legacies of pre-industrial charcoal burning
(2022)
Relict charcoal hearths (RCHs) are small, anthropogenic landforms resulting from past charcoal burning and reaching significant land coverage in pre-industrial mining areas. We review three coupled legacies linked by RCH development: (i) a landscape-scale geomorphic effect, (ii) a unique soil fingerprint, and (iii) an evolving novel ecosystem. The history and technique of charcoal production are described to clarify legacy effects. Applying a recently presented morpho-genetic catalogue is useful for classified mapping of RCH findings. The RCH numbers and calculated RCH densities per study region vary greatly and impose uncertainties due to insufficient methods causing over- or underestimations. Areas with high RCH densities between 50 and 500 RCH/km2 seem reasonable. Machine learning-based remote sensing techniques are promising approaches with which to better assess the full scale of charcoal burning legacies. RCH soil properties feature dark charcoal-rich technogenic substrate layers classified as Auh horizons according to the World Reference Base with significantly increased C contents. These Auh horizons can also exhibit specific physical and chemical properties, such as relatively low bulk density, high porosity, high plant available water content, low thermal conductivity and differences in cation exchange capacity or nutrient status. However, relevant studies are rare, and thus, the effects may differ by study region. Regarding vegetation, there seem to be four main effects: changes in forest structure, species composition, recruitment pattern and productivity. The number of studies on this issue is, however, also very limited. Even fewer studies have examined the soil fauna in RCHs; thus, the reported effects cannot be used to draw general conclusions. Notably, RCH research has made considerable progress in the last five years, especially in the Light Detection and Ranging-based mapping of these small landforms and identification of RCH-specific soil properties, but ecological legacies are not well understood; thus, more interdisciplinary and integrative studies are needed.
The question of connections between pain and strength development and the influence of muscular imbalances on the development of pain and strength deficits has been of interest for therapy scientists for decades.
During the examination period from June until December 2014, one-dimensional isometric trunk strength measurements were carried out on healthy, middle-aged probands using the biofeedback device "Pegasus". The aim was to check out the predefined standard values of the company BfMC and generate standard value ranges for muscular imbalances. Furthermore, these examinations were used to capture occurring forces on other levels to assess their impact on one-dimensional measurements.
A standardized warm up was followed by the determination of the maximum trunk strength in flexion, extension, rotation and lateral inclination. Two measurements on 54 probands at the age of 22.8 ± 3.3 years and an average BMI of 28.9 ± 3.2 were conducted. In addition, the deviating forces were determined.
In target-actual value comparison, the probands were about 17.1% above the normal range of their respective age groups, with an average isometric trunk strength development in all six directions of movement of 835Nm. For the male probands it was also found out that they positioned themselves 63.6% above (average?). The female probands in total were also within the normal range, but 200Nm less power was generated and 34% did not reach the normal range.
Looking at the deviating forces, it is noticeable that 549.1 Nm (54%) were also applied in the other anatomic plains.
Here, there were clear differences between the deviating forces in the isometric testing in the sagittal and frontal plain. In the measurement results of the sagittal plain (Ext; Flex), the deviating forces were 45.8Nm (29.9%) on average in the frontal and transverse direction. In the measurement results of lateral inclination and rotation, the deviating forces were 95.3% and 110% in sagittal and transverse direction.
As a result, it can be noted that, despite the absence of pain, postural imbalances and diseases of the spine, more than half of the forces cannot be generated according to the axis. At this, synergistic functions seem to be physiological in this scope, in order to produce maximum plain equitable forces which basically questions one-dimensional measurements. The test results show significant deviations from the normal range, which raises the issue of the relevance of the defined standard values based on the evaluation of isometric force development.
Further studies will have to prove the relevance of three-dimensional maximum force measurements.
Anterior cruciate ligament rupture with subsequent reconstruction (ACLR) is a common and serious injury in Judo. Athletes rarely return to the peak of performance or are limited in their ability to perform their sport. Performance tests for ACLR are still immature and often unspecific. In Judo, the ability to stand on one's feet is an essential prerequisite for many situations. An unstable standing position also promotes knee injuries. In order to check the stability of the single leg stand, a controlled test-re-test design is used in the present study. Two groups are included: A (n=27): Judoka without anamnestically relevant injuries of the lower extremities or the back and B (n=17): Judoka 5.06 ± 1.06 years after ACLR. A one-legged hop test up on a piezoelectric force plate is examined for reliability with respect to the test repetition and validity with regard to the predicted identification of deficits in a side-by-side comparison. In this test, the test person jumps with one leg on the force plate at a defined distance and tries to stand as still as possible, which means that hardly any horizontal force is generated. Both tests are carried out one after the other with both legs and with sufficient break twice each. In group A, there were no significant differences (p>0.05) between the subjectively better leg and the subjectively worse leg, or the leg in the front and rear of the kumi-kata in Judo. In group B, in the first experiment with the ACLR leg, the test persons generate a significantly higher horizontal force in a 95% confidence interval of the bilateral coefficient of CI=[0.16-0.76] compared to the side not affected (p=0.017). In the test repetition, Group B generates with the affected leg significantly less horizontal force surges than in the first attempt. No significant differences in lateral comparison could be measured, although there is a reliability coefficient of r=0.89 for the ACLR leg, but only r=0.35 for the unaffected leg and r=0.53 for group A. It is concluded that the test for asymptomatic judokas cannot be regarded as sufficiently selective due to the low requirement. In group B, in the second experiment, a feed-forward model including pre-activation based on empirical values from the first experiment could explain the improvement, which has led to no significant differences between legs.
An important aim of the manual therapy is to improve the joint mobility and the functionality to reduce pains in the area
of treatment. In the individual manual-therapeutic treatment mobilizing techniques are mainly used in the spinal column.
The target of this study is to demonstrate the change in segmental mobility of the thoracic spine with asymptomatic subjects. For that an anterior mobilization of the Evjenth/Kaltenborn concept was used. 15 subjects were examined concerning segmental limitations. 11 subjects were included in the study. The subjects had no complaints or preexisting diseases in the spinal column. Their limited segments in area of the thoracic spine were mobilized on two days
of treatment with 5 repetitions and a duration of 50 seconds. In the first treatment a steady pressure of 100 N was applied by using a mobilization wedge. In the second the pressure increased to 140 N. The measurement of the mobility was carried out with the MediMouse method. In the functional tests of the lateral and frontal finger-to-ground distance as well as the thoracic respiratory mobility, the results of both treatments confirmed a significant practical
relevance of the manual-therapeutic mobilization treatment of the thoracic spine. Segmental mobility improvements were also seen, but they need further investigation with regard to the sustainability of the measurement results.