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In an aging society where the number of joint replacements rises, it is important to also increase the longevity of implants.
In particular hip implants have a lifetime of at most 15 years. This derives primarily from
pain due to implant migration, wear, inflammation, and dislocation, which is affected by
the positioning of the implant during the surgery. Current joint replacement practice uses
2D software tools and relies on the experience of surgeons. Especially the 2D tools fail to
take the patients’ natural range of motion as well as stress distribution in the 3D joint
induced by different daily motions into account.
Optimizing the hip joint implant position for all possible parametrized motions under the
constraint of a contact problem is prohibitively expensive as there are too many motions
and every position change demands a recalculation of the contact problem. For the
reduction of the computational effort, we use adaptive refinement on the parameter
domain coupled with the interpolation method of Kriging. A coarse initial grid is to be
locally refined using goal-oriented error estimation, reducing locally high variances. This
approach will be combined with multi-grid optimization such that numerical errors are
reduced.
Spectral deferred correction (SDC) Methoden, vorgestellt von Dutt, Greengard und
Rokhlin in [1], sind iterative Verfahren zur numerischen Lösung von Anfangswertproblemen für gewöhnliche Differentialgleichungen. Wenn diese Methoden konvergieren, dann wird unter Verwendung von Zeitschrittverfahren niedriger Ordnung eine Kollokationslösung berechnet. Die Lösung von steifen Anfangswertproblemen ist eine relevante Problemstellung in der numerischen Mathematik. SDC-Methoden, speziell für steife Probleme, werden von Martin Weiser in [2] konstruiert. Die Theorie und die Experimente beziehen sich dabei auf Probleme, die aus räumlich semidiskretisierten Reaktions-Diffusions-Gleichungen entstehen.
In dieser Arbeit werden die Ansätze aus [2] auf Konvektions-Diffusions-Gleichungen
angewendet und das resultierende Konvergenzverhalten von SDC-Methoden untersucht.
Basierend auf einem einfachen Konvektions-Diffusions-Operator, dessen spektrale Eigenschaften umfassend studiert werden, wird ein Schema zur Verbesserung dieses Verhaltens entwickelt. Numerische Experimente zeigen, dass eine Verbesserung der in [1] eingeführten SDC-Methoden möglich ist. Die Untersuchungen ergeben weiterhin, dass das auch für komplexere Konvektions-Diffusions-Probleme gilt.
[1] Alok Dutt, Leslie Greengard, und Vladimir Rokhlin. “Spectral deferred correction
methods for ordinary differential equations.” In: BIT 40.2 (2000), pp. 241–266.
[2] Martin Weiser. “Faster SDC convergence on non-equidistant grids by DIRK
sweeps.” In: BIT 55.4 (2015), pp. 1219–1241.
This thesis is devoted to the interdisciplinary work between mathematicians and forensic
experts: the modeling of the human body cooling process after death laying the
foundation for the estimation of the time of death. An inverse problem needs to be
solved. In this thesis the inverse problem computes the time of death given the measured
body temperature and the Forward Model that simulates the body cooling
process. The Forward Model is based on the heat equation established by Fourier.
This differential equation is numerically solved by the discretization over space by the
Finite Element Method and the discretization over time by the Implicit Euler Method.
The applications in this thesis demand a fast computation time. A model reduction is
achieved by the Proper Orthogonal Decomposition in combination with the Galerkin
Method. For reasons of simplification the computations and the measurements are
restricted to a cylindrical phantom that is made out of homogeneous polyethylene.
The estimate of the time of death is accompanied by an uncertainty. The inverse problem
is incorporated by Bayesian inference to interpret the quality of the estimate and
the effciency of the experiment. The uncertainty of the estimate of the time of death
is minimized by approaching the Optimal Design of the Experiment. An objective
function measures the certainty of the data and lays the foundation of the optimization
problem. Solving the optimization problem is successfully done by relaxing the
complex discrete NP-hard problem and applying a gradient-based method.
The results of this thesis clearly show that the design of an experiment has a great in-
uence on the outcome of the quality of the estimate. The comparison of the estimate
and its properties based on different designs and conditions reveals the effciency of
the Design of Experiment in the context of the estimation of the time of death.
Temperature based death time estimation is based either on simple phenomenological models of corpse cooling or on detailed physical heat transfer models. The latter are much more complex, but allow a higher accuracy of death time estimation as in principle all relevant cooling mechanisms can be taken into account. Here, a complete work flow for finite element based cooling simulation models is presented.
The following steps are demonstrated on CT-phantoms:
• CT-scan
• Segmentation of the CT images for thermodynamically relevant features of individual
geometries
• Conversion of the segmentation result into a Finite Element (FE) simulation model
• Computation of the model cooling curve
• Calculation of the cooling time
For the first time in FE-based cooling time estimation the steps from the CT image over segmentation to FE model generation are semi-automatically performed. The cooling time calculation results are compared to cooling measurements performed on the phantoms under controlled conditions. In this context, the method is validated using different CTphantoms. Some of the CT phantoms thermodynamic material parameters had to be experimentally determined via independent experiments. Moreover the impact of geometry and material parameter uncertainties on the estimated cooling time is investigated by a sensitivity analysis.
We propose a composite step method, designed for equality constrained optimization with partial differential equations. Focus is laid on the construction of a globalization scheme, which is based on cubic regularization of the objective and an affine covariant damped Newton method for feasibility. We show finite termination of the inner loop and fast local convergence of the algorithm. We discuss preconditioning strategies for the iterative solution of the arising linear systems with projected conjugate gradient. Numerical results are shown for optimal control problems subject to a nonlinear heat equation and subject to nonlinear elastic equations arising from an implant design problem in craniofacial surgery.
Spectral Deferred Correction methods for adaptive electro-mechanical coupling in cardiac simulation
(2017)
We investigate spectral deferred correction (SDC) methods for time stepping
and their interplay with spatio-temporal adaptivity, applied to the solution
of the cardiac electro-mechanical coupling model. This model consists
of the Monodomain equations, a reaction-diffusion system modeling the cardiac
bioelectrical activity, coupled with a quasi-static mechanical model describing
the contraction and relaxation of the cardiac muscle. The numerical
approximation of the cardiac electro-mechanical coupling is a challenging
multiphysics problem, because it exhibits very different spatial and temporal
scales. Therefore, spatio-temporal adaptivity is a promising approach
to reduce the computational complexity. SDC methods are simple iterative
methods for solving collocation systems. We exploit their flexibility for combining
them in various ways with spatio-temporal adaptivity. The accuracy
and computational complexity of the resulting methods are studied on some
numerical examples.